Mandibular prognathism includes the prominence of the lower third face, which may lead to psychological distress due to facial disfigurement. Mandibular prognathism requires orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery, which ameliorates jaw discrepancy, provides adequate occlusion, and improves facial aesthetics. During the past decades, many orthognathic surgical procedures have been developed to treat mandibular prognathism. Several improvements in orthognathic surgery have emerged, with sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) being among the most popular of the current techniques. Different skeletal patterns in patients, especially those with a mandibular deformity, can present variation in the mandibular canal position of the ramus. In other words, mandibular anatomy may be a significant predisposing factor for postoperative abnormal sensation in a patient's lower lip and intraoperative bad split patterns.

From anatomical aspects, it is important to analyse the buccal lingual direction of the mandibular inferior alveolar nerve and the distance of the surrounding structures. Moreover, orthognathic surgery not only sets back the mandible but also results in narrowing of the pharyngeal airway space. Therefore, it is an issue that should concern the risk of postoperative sequelae and complications. Predicting facial profiles is an important component of surgical treatment plans for the correction of mandibular prognathism. Improvement of the facial profile provides physical and psychological benefits, including desirable changes in aesthetics, increased confidence, and improvements in emotional status and social skills. Nowadays, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and software are commonly used in three-dimensional (3D) planning and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) splint generation for orthognathic surgery. More accurate prediction methods facilitate greater success in orthognathic surgery and greater patient satisfaction.

The aim of this Special Issue is to solicit original research articles and review articles, giving a comprehensive overview of contemporary anatomical considerations and modern surgical approaches to mandibular prognathism. Submissions discussing the treatment of mandibular prognathism are highly encouraged.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Mandibular prognathism
• Genetic assessments and polymorphisms
• Facial deformity, profile change and bad split
• Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy
• Sagittal split ramus osteotomy
• Pharyngeal airway space
• Cone-beam computed tomography
• CAD/CAM
• 3D planning
• Engineered scaffolds
• Mandibular canal
• Lip paraesthesia
• Postoperative stability
• Le fort I osteotomy
• Cheek line