Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy or thyroid-associated orbitopathy, is a disfiguring and potentially sight-threatening ocular disease. TED is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder, characterized by increased fibroadipose tissue and extraocular muscle volume within the limited orbital space, leading to proptosis, exposure keratopathy, diplopia, and compressive optic neuropathy.

Current treatments using corticosteroid and radiotherapy are sometimes effective in alleviating the inflammatory symptoms of the disease. However, there remains a challenge for physicians to prevent or reverse pathological changes of orbital tissues. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of TED is crucial for the development of novel treatments.

The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together original research and review articles discussing our current understanding of thyroid eye disease. This Special Issue also aims to discuss effective management of this disease and potential strategies.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Novel molecular mechanisms for TED
• Molecular targets in TED for monoclonal antibody therapy approaches
• The emerging role of epigenetics in patients with TED
• Potential biomarkers involved in TED
• Epidemiology of TED
• The application of computer-assisted navigation in orbital surgery
• Gender effect in TED
• Biological and clinical effects of smoking impact on patients with TED
• Potential role of oxidative stress and antioxidants for the treatment of TED
• New trends for the strategic management of patients with TED
• Advances in understanding the immunology and pathology of thyroid eye disease