Effect of Age, Education, and Bilingualism on Confrontation Naming in Older Illiterate and Low-Educated Populations

Table 3

Results from the five-step hierarchical multiple regression, predicting naming.

Predictor	Step  1		Step  2		Step  3		Step  4		Step  5
	b	β	b	β	b	β	b	β	b	β
Intercept	49.85**		49.85**		54.16**		52.85**		54.73**
Age^a	−.14	−.57**	−.15	−.58**	−.12	−.48**	−.12	−.46**	−.09	.37**
Education^a	.28	.16	.30	.18	.09	−.04	.09	.05	.07	.04
L2 speaking^a			−.46	−.11	−.05	−.01	.55	.12	1.85	−.39
L2 writing^a			−1.12	−.24	−1.11	−.24	−1.84	−.40	−5.40	−1.16
L2 reading^a			1.38	.32	1.53	.35	1.73	.40	4.40	1.00
Age squared^b					−.01	−.30*	−.01	−.21	−.01	−.28*
Age × education^b							.02	.27*	.00	.02
Age × L2 speaking^b									.10	.55*
Age × L2 writing^b									−.20	−1.12
Age × L2 reading^b									.16	.94
R ^2	.35		.36		.44		.49		.57
F for 𝑅^2	12.05**		4.70**		5.22**		5.43**		4.70**
Δ𝑅^2			.01		.07		.05		.07
F for Δ𝑅^2			.20		5.44*		4.20*		2.06

Note. N = 47 participants (1 omitted as an outlier). b = estimate of unstandardized partial regression coefficient. β = estimate of standardized partial regression coefficient.
aCentered at sample mean (see Table 1). ^bSquare or product computed from centered variable(s).
^∗𝑃<.05. ^∗∗𝑃<.01.