Moderation of Breastfeeding Effects on Adult Depression by Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphism
Table 1
Characteristics of the study group ().
Variable
Total sample
Women
Men
value‡
Value
Range
Value†
Range
Value†
Range
Family and childhood variables
Maternal age at childbirth
27.30 (5.57)
16–48
27.15 (5.67)
16–48
27.52 (5.41)
18–46
.254
Maternal educational years
10.23 (3.16)
2–22
10.10 (3.05)
2–22
10.43 (3.31)
4–22
.079
Family structure§
.315
Nuclear family
1087 (89.9)
657 (90.6)
430 (88.8)
Other
122 (10.1)
68 (9.4)
54 (11.2)
Birth order
2.00 (1.40)
1–14
2.01 (1.42)
1–11
1.98 (1.37)
1–14
.663
Number of children in family
2.65 (1.60)
1–15
2.70 (1.68)
1–14
2.59 (1.47)
1–15
.238
Birth status§
.599
Full term
1059 (87.6)
638 (88.0)
421 (87.0)
Premature
150 (12.4)
87 (12.0)
63 (13.0)
Birth weight
3501 (527)
1040–5750
3463 (518)
1300–5250
3558 (535)
1040–5750
.002
Breastfeeding status§
.063
Breastfed
1122 (92.8)
681 (93.9)
441 (91.1)
Not breastfed
87 (7.2)
44 (6.1)
43 (8.9)
Duration of breastfeeding
3.82 (3.67)
0–36
3.99 (3.87)
0–36
3.57 (3.33)
0–36
.048
Participant’s adulthood variables
Sex§
Male
484 (40.0)
Female
725 (60.0)
Age in 2007
37.21 (4.91)
30–45
37.18 (4.91)
30–45
37.26 (4.91)
30–45
.768
ESR 1 PvuII§
.052
T/T
420 (34.7)
246 (33.9)
174 (36.0)
T/C
595 (49.2)
375 (51.7)
220 (45.5)
C/C
194 (16.0)
104 (14.3)
90 (18.6)
Depressive symptoms in 2007
2.06 (0.66)
1.00–4.67
2.12 (0.67)
1.00–4.67
1.97 (0.64)
1.00–4.63
<0.001
BDI in 2007 (continuous)
5.24 (6.41)
0–46
6.13 (6.79)
0–46
3.92 (5.58)
0–40
<0.001
BDI in 2007 (dichotomous)§
.001
Depression
127 (10.5)
93 (12.8)
34 (7.0)
No depression
1082 (89.5)
632 (87.2)
450 (93.0)
†Values are means (and standard deviations) unless otherwise indicated. ‡Gender differences, Pearson’s chi-square for categorical variables, -ratio for continuous variables. §Values are numbers (and percentages) of participants.
