Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Determinants of Under-5 Mortality in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, 2016

Table 2

Background characteristics and bivariate analysis of under-five mortality (N=10274), EDHS, 2016.

	Covariates/Determinants	Number (N)	Number (%)	Ever experienced an Under five death
				Yes n (% )	No n(% )	P-value
Region	Tigray	1107	10.77	266 (24)	841(76)	<0.0001
	Affar	835	8.13	289(34.6)	546(65.4)
	Amhara	1160	11.29	360(31)	800(69)
	Oromiya	1366	13.3	389(28.5)	977(71.5)
	Somali	1002	9.75	326(32.5)	676(67.5)
	Benishangul-Gumuz	804	7.83	243(30.2)	561(69.8)
	SNNPR	1225	11.92	382(31.2)	843(68.8)
	Gambela	756	7.36	191(25.3)	565(74.7)
	Harari	605	5.89	127(20)	478(80)
	Addis Ababa	760	7.4	63(8.3)	697(91.7)
	Dire Dawa	654	6.37	166(25.4)	488(74.6)
Residence	Rural	7542	73.41	2379(31.5)	5163(68.5)	<0.0001
	Urban	2732	26.59	423(15.5)	2309(84.5)
Maternal age at first birth	11-17	4094	39.85	1373(33.5)	272(66.5)	<0.0001
	18-24	5286	51.45	1271(24)	4015(76)
	25 and higher	894	8.7	158(17.7)	736(82.3)
Maternal age	24 and less	1933	18.81	203(10.5)	1730(89.5)	<0.0001
	25-29	2300	22.39	423(18.4)	1877(81.6)
	30-34	2056	20.01	539(26.2)	1517(73.8)
	35-39	1805	17.57	645(35.7)	1160(64.3)
	40-44	1239	12.06	521(42)	718(58)
	45-49	941	9.16	471(50)	470(50)
Mother education	No education	6190	60.25	2161(34.9)	4029(65.1)	<0.0001
	Primary	2731	26.58	504(18.5)	2227(81.5)
	Secondary	873	8.5	114(13)	759(87)
	Higher	480	4.67	23(4.7)	457(95.3)
Partner education	No education	5674	55.23	1823(32)	3851(68)	<0.0001
	Primary	2774	27	729(26.3)	2045(73.7)
	Secondary	1019	9.92	141(13.8)	878(86.2)
	Higher	807	7.85	109(13.5)	698(86.5)
Religion	Coptic orthodox	4383	42.66	871(22.7)	2958(77.3)	<0.0001
	Protestant	1871	18.21	480(25.7)	1391(74.)
	Muslim	3829	37.27	1391(31.7)	2992(68.3)
	Others	191	1.86	60(31.4)	131(68.6)
Wealth index	Poorest	4577	44.55	1516(14.6)	361(85.4)
	Middle	1400	13.63	417(30)	983(70)	<0.0001
	Rich	4297	41.83	1324(12.9)	348(87.1)
Sex of child	Male	5344	52.01	1437(27)	3907(73)	0.188
	Female	4930	47.99	1365(27.7)	3565(72.3)
Sex of household head	Male	7438	72.4	2086(28)	5352(72)	0.002
	Female	2836	27.6	716(25)	2120(75)
Preceding birth interval	1-18	850	8.27	380(44.7)	470(55.3)	<0.0001
	19-36	5574	54.25	1361(24.4)	4213(75.6)
	greater than 36	3850	37.47	1061(27.6)	2789(72.4)
Media access	No	7211	70.19	2115(29.3)	5096(70.7)	<0.0001
	Yes	3063	29.81	687(22.4)	2376(77.6)
Marital status	Single formerly married	1435	13.97	356(3.4)	113(96.6)	<0.0001
	Currently married	8839	86.03	2449(27.7)	6390(72.3)
Mother occupation	not working	5255	51.15	1427(27.2)	3828(72.8)	<0.0001
	Professional	1870	18.2	417(22.2)	1453(77.8)
	Agricultural	2348	22.85	759(32.3)	1589(67.7)
	skilled/manual	801	7.8	199(24.8)	602(75.2)
Husband occupation	not working	931	9.06	263(28.2)	668(71.8)	<0.0001
	Agricultural	4542	44.21	1502(33)	3040(67)
	Professional	1405	13.68	254(18)	1151(82)
	skilled/unskilled manual	1073	10.44	215(20)	858(80)
	Others	2323	22.61	568(24.5)	1755(75.5)
Birth order	1	1974	19.21	94(4.8)	1880(95.2)	<0.0001
	2, 3 or 4	4387	42.7	792(18)	3595(8)
	5 and more	3913	38.09	1916(49)	1997(51)
Birth type	Single birth	10114	98.44	2716(26.9)	7398(73.1)	<0.0001
	Multiple birth	160	1.56	86(53.8)	74(46.2)
Sources of water	piped water	3768	36.68	760(20)	3008(80)	<0.0001
	tube-well	2740	26.67	871(31.7)	1869(68.2)
	Others	3766	36.66	1171(31)	2595(69)
Toile facility	No facility/bush/field	4007	39	1258(31.4)	279(68.6)	<0.0001
	with facility	6267	61	1544(24.6)	4723(75.4)
Electricity	No	7086	68.97	2253(31.8)	4833(68.2)	<0.0001
	Ye	3188	31.03	549(17.2)	2639(82.8)
Fuel source	Electricity	759	7.39	83(10.9)	676(89.1)	<0.0001
	gas/kerosene	108	1.05	20(18.5)	88(81.5)
	Others	9407	91.56	2699(28.7)	6708(71.3)
Family size	At most 4	3767	36.67	822(21.8)	2945(78.2)	<0.0001
	5-7	4648	45.24	1408(30.3)	3240(69.7)
	8+	1859	18.09	572(30.8)	1287(69.2)
Floor material	natural floor/dung	7760	75.53	2406(31)	5354(69)	<0.0001
	wood/parquet	979	9.53	151(15.4)	828(84.6)
	Cement	1535	14.94	245(16)	1290(84)
Roof material	natural roofing	3426	33.35	1065(31)	2361(69)	<0.0001
	Rudimentary	1074	10.45	364(33.9)	710(76.1)
	finished roofing	5774	56.2	1373(23.8)	4401(76.2)
Wall material	natural wall	141	1.37	487(33)	984(67)
	Rudimentary	7654	74.5	2124(27.8)	5530(72.2)	<0.0001
	finished wall	1149	11.18	191(16.6)	958(83.4)
Place of delivery	Home	8984	87.4	2484 (27.6)	6500 (72.4)	0.013
	Heath facility	1290	12.6	318 (24.7)	972 (74.3)
Size of child at birth	Smaller	1714	28.6	112 (6.5)	1602 (93.5)	<0.0001
	Average	2333	38.9	86 (3.7)	2247 (96.3)
	Larger	1945	32.5	61 (3.1)	1884 (96.9)
Antenatal care visit	No	3521	58.7	154 (4.8)	3367 (95.2)	0.434
	Yes	2471	41.3	105 (4.3)	2366 (95.7)
Postnatal check up	No	3236	54	152 (4.7)	3074 (95.3)	0.066
	Yes	2714	46	104 (3.8)	2610 (96.2)
Breastfeeding status	No	3229	31.4	284 (8.9)	2945 (91.1)	<0.0001
	Yes	7039	68.6	227 (3.2)	6812 (96.8)