|
| Type of natural product | Natural product | Mitochondrial regulation | Experimental models |
|
| Mixture | Tangshen prescription [33] | Restoration of autophagy in damaged fatty liver and reduced mitochondrial damage caused by ROS | MAFLD mouse models induced by a high-fat or choline-methionine-deficient diet |
| Zhifang prescription [34] | Increased expression of Mfn1 and Opa1, which promote mitochondrial fusion and enhance mitochondrial autophagy | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Yinchen Linggui Zhugan decoction [35] | Activation of autophagy, balancing the body’s oxidation and antioxidation systems, improving NASH | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Tiaogan lipi prescription [36] | Improves MAFLD by increasing autophagy levels | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Baohe pills and Baohe pills added with Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix [37] | Reduced mitochondrial swelling, increasing the number of mitochondria, and maintaining mitochondrial function and integrity | MAFLD rat models induced by modified high-fat emulsion |
| Sini San [38] | Ability to resist lipid peroxidation, increase ATPase activity, reduce mitochondrial swelling, and increase mitochondrial membrane potential | MAFLD mouse models induced by methionine choline deficiency |
| Erchen decoction [39] | Increased ATP synthesis and restoration of mitochondrial energy metabolism disorders | MAFLD mouse models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Shuganjianpi Huatanhuoxue prescription [40] | Reduced lipid peroxidation, accelerated β-oxidation in the mitochondria | MAFLD in vitro cell models |
| Fufang Zhajin granules [31] | Improves mitochondrial lipid metabolism in liver cells | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Huatan Qushi Huoxue prescription [41] | Increased number of mitochondria and their cristae, enhanced liver cell energy metabolism, and restoration of mitochondrial morphology and function | NASH rat models induced by a high-fat diet combined with tetracycline intraperitoneal injection |
| Ganshu decoction [42] | Reduced mitochondrial swelling, improved mitochondrial membrane fluidity, and regulation of mitochondrial lipid oxidation in liver cells | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Ganshule tablets [43] | Increased mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and higher number of mitochondrial cristae | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Ganzhikang capsules [44] | Decreased synthesis of NEFA and TG, enhanced liver function and oxidation of fatty acids, and ability to scavenge free radicals and the products of lipid peroxidation | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Jiawei Zhaqu decoction [45] | Improves lipid metabolism in the mitochondria, reduced UCP-2 and COX I production | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Jianpi Shugan Jiangzhi prescription [46] | Increased number of mitochondria and cristae, enhances ATP synthesis and energy metabolism, and increases fatty acid metabolism | MAFLD mouse models induced by a high-fat diet and 10% CCL4 edible oil solution |
| Qingzhi Hugan prescription [47] | Reduced mitochondrial swelling and improved mitochondrial morphology | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Tiaogan Quzhi prescription [48] | Reduced mitochondrial swelling, and improved mitochondrial morphology | MAFLD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Xiaoyu Huatan decoction [49] | Reduces mitochondrial swelling, increased number of mitochondria, increased ATP synthesis and mitochondrial energy reserves, and increased fatty acid metabolism | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Yishen Tiaogan prescription [50] | Increases the number of mitochondria and the stability of membrane potential and improves the activity of cytochrome oxidase and the self-repair processes of damaged mitochondrial DNA | MALFD rat models induced by high-fat diets |
| Zhigan prescription [4,51] | Ability to reduce mitochondrial energy metabolism disorders, mitochondrial swelling in liver tissues, and ability to regulate mitochondrial autophagy | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Shiwei Ganzhikang capsules [52] | Protection and repair of the mitochondrial membranes of liver cells and ability to promote the recovery of liver cell functions | MALFD rat models induced by high-fat diets |
| Allium Fistulosum bulbus [53,54] | Improves mitochondrial respiratory function, increases mitochondrial biosynthesis, and promotes fatty acid oxidation | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Blueberry [55] | Reduction of lipid peroxides, regulation of energy metabolism in hepatocyte mitochondria, maintenance of the balance between oxidation and antioxidation, and reduced oxidative stress responses in the liver | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Sibiraea angustata [56] | Strengthen β-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Granati Pericarpium [57] | Enhanced antioxidant capacity and maintenance of stable mitochondrial functions | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Sida orientalis [58] | Improves mitochondrial oxidative stress | — |
| Gecko [59] | Ability to resist lipid peroxidation, prevents oxidative stress, reduces the production of lipid peroxides, and prevents cell apoptosis | MAFLD mouse models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Trillium tschonoskii [60] | Reduces mitochondrial swelling | MAFLD rat models induced by a high-fat diet combined with the intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride solution |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum [61] | Ability to adjust the molecular structure of mitochondrial cardiolipin and improved mitochondrial functions | Primary hepatocytes cultured in high glucose |
| Extract of Polygoni Multiflori Radix [62] | Prevents the β-oxidation of mitochondrial fatty acids and improves liver lipid metabolism | MAFLD mouse model induced by an MCD diet |
| Rhodiola crenulata extract [63] | Improves insulin resistance, downregulates lipid synthesis in the liver | MAFLD models of C57BL/6 mice induced by a high-fat diet |
| Polysaccharides of Cordyceps [64] | Reduces mitochondrial swelling and increases the number of mitochondrial cristae | MAFLD rat models induced by a high-fat emulsion |
| Total flavonoids of Litsea Coreana [65] | Increases the number of mitochondrial cristae, improves mitochondrial morphology and function | MAFLD rat models induced by a fat emulsion gavage |
| Notoginseng total saponins [66] | Decreases hydroxyl free radicals in the mitochondria of liver cells, reduces MDA concentrations, and increases total superoxide dismutase activity and the total antioxidant capacity of serum | — |
| Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum [67] | Improves mitochondrial ultrastructure, reduces mitochondrial swelling, lowers cytochrome C levels, reduces the activity of apoptotic proteins, and increases mitochondrial oxidation and related enzyme activities | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Pomegranate polyphenols [68] | Increases ATP content, inhibits mitochondrial protein oxidation, and improves the activity of mitochondrial complex enzymes in the liver | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Monomer | Hesperidin [69] | Reduces mitochondrial swelling and increases the number of mitochondrial cristae | MAFLD rat models induced by a fat emulsion gavage and sucrose feeding |
| Dihydromyricetin [70] | Regulates the SIRT3 pathway to promote the expression of mitochondrial DNA coding genes, maintains the enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and increases mitochondrial ROS scavenging activity | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Polydatin [71] | Enhances the body’s antioxidant capacity, reduces the production of lipid peroxides, and improves the β-oxidation of mitochondrial fatty acids | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Salvianolic acid [72] | Protects mitochondria, regulates lipid metabolism, controls oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and inhibits apoptosis | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Baicalin [73] | Inhibits the formation of mitochondrial ROS, increases mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and restores the activity of respiratory chain complexes I and II | MAFLD rat models induced by a methionine choline-deficient diet |
| Betaine [74] | Its effect of reducing lipid accumulation is achieved by inhibiting the expression of obesity-related genes and N6-methyladenosine demethylation, thereby improving mitochondrial functions | — |
| Curcumin [75–77] | Attenuates oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory factors, alleviates steatosis in MAFLD rats through the activation of autophagy and the prevention of mitochondrial apoptosis | MAFLD rat models induced by high-sugar and high-fat diets |
| Quercetin [78] | Improves mitochondrial morphological damage and dysfunction in the liver, promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis, promotes mitochondrial fusion and division, enhances PINK1-parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy levels, and improves mitochondrial homeostasis | MAFLD models of C57BL/6 mice induced by a high-fat diet |
| Rhein [79] | Reduces mitochondrial swelling and deformation | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Sophocarpine [80] | Inhibits the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, downregulates UCP-2, and increases the rate of mitochondrial lipid oxidation | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| α-Mangostin [81] | Reduces the activity of apoptotic proteins, increases mitochondrial oxidation rates and related enzyme activities | MALFD rat models induced by a high-fat diet |
| Oxymatrine [82] | Increases CPT-1 enzyme activity and the β-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria | MAFLD rat models induced by a high-fructose diet |
| Sennoside A [83] | Protects mitochondrial structure and function by targeting VDAC1 | MAFLD mice models induced by a high-fructose diet |
| Resveratrol [84] | Increases the number of mitochondria | MAFLD rat models induced by a high-fructose diet |
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