The Protective Effects of Cobra Venom from Naja naja atra on Acute and Chronic Nephropathy

Figure 10

The effects of NNAV on the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Wistar rats were treated as described in the legend of Figure 1. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed, and the levels of TNF-α (a) and IL-1β (b) in kidney tissue homogenates were determined using ELISA kits. *𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, and ***𝑃<0.001 compared with “saline + saline” group; ^##𝑃<0.01 compared with “adriamycin + saline” group; 𝑛=7--10.

(a)

(b)