Plant name Countries Parts used Use Reference(s) Acanthaceae Acanthus arboreus Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Andrographis echioides (syn. Indoneesiella echioides )India Shoot ND [19 ] Andrographis lineata India Flower, leaf I [20 ] Andrographis paniculata India Leaf, whole plant I, E [16 , 20 –26 ] Barleria cristata India, Pakistan Leaf, root, seed, whole plant E [17 , 19 , 25 ] Barleria lupulina Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Blechum pyramidatum Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I [27 ] Blepharis maderaspatensis India Leaf I [28 ] Clinacanthus nutans India Leaf E [20 ] Dicliptera paniculata (syn. Peristrophe paniculata )India Root, whole plant I, E [24 , 25 ] Fittonia albivenis Peru Aerial parts E [29 ] Hygrophila auriculata India, Sri Lanka Seed I [18 , 23 ] Justicia adhatoda (syn. Adhatoda vasica )India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, root I, E [16 –18 , 30 ] Justicia calyculata Kenya Aerial parts E [31 ] Justicia gendarussa Bangladesh Leaf I [30 , 32 ] Justicia japonica (syn. Justicia simplex )India Leaf I [23 ] Justicia Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Justicia procumbens Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Justicia Colombia Flower, leaf, root, whole plant I, E [34 , 35 ] Rhinacanthus nasutus India Leaf, root I, E [16 , 28 ] Thunbergia alata Colombia Flower, leaf E [34 ] Trichanthera gigantea Colombia Leaf, root E [34 ] Acoraceae Acorus calamus Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Rhizome, root I, E [17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 32 , 36 ] Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra Spain Flower E [37 ] Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera (syn. Achyranthes porphyristachya )# Bangladesh, Colombia, India Fruit, inflorescence, leaf, root, seed, stem, whole plant I, E [17 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 38 –41 ] Aerva lanata India, Sri Lanka Rhizome I [18 , 20 ] Aerva sanguinolenta Bangladesh Leaf ND [30 ] Alternanthera albotomentosa Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Alternanthera brasiliana Brazil Flower I [33 ] Alternanthera sessilis Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Amaranthus blitum India Root I [25 ] Amaranthus dubius Colombia Fruit peel, leaf, root, seed E [34 ] Amaranthus polygonoides Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Amaranthus spinosus India Leaf, root, stem, whole plant E [17 , 19 , 32 , 42 ] Amaranthus viridis Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Leaf, stem, whole plant E [17 , 18 , 30 , 42 , 43 ] Chenopodium album Bangladesh, India, Pakistan Fruit, root, whole plant E [17 , 32 , 41 ] Cyathula tomentosa India Leaf ND [19 ] Dysphania ambrosioides (syn. Chenopodium ambrosioides )Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Amaryllidaceae Allium ascalonicum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Allium Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Kenya Bulb, latex, leaf E [20 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 40 ] Allium Colombia, India, Sri Lanka, Spain Bulb, inflorescence, leaf I, E [18 , 22 , 23 , 37 , 44 ] Ammocharis tinneana Kenya Latex ND [31 ] Crinum asiaticum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Crinum latifolium Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Hymenocallis littoralis Nicaragua Leaf, root I, E [27 ] Anacardiaceae Anacardium India, Nicaragua Bark, fruit, leaf, root I, E [27 , 45 ] Buchanania cochinchinensis (syn. Buchanania lanzan )India Bark E [24 , 38 ] Mangifera Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Leaf E [17 , 18 , 32 ] Mangifera minor Papua New Guinea Bark I [46 ] Pistacia chinensis Pakistan Gall E [17 ] Pistacia chinensis subsp. India, Pakistan Gall, leaf E [17 , 19 ] Semecarpus anacardium India Root I [20 ] Semecarpus coriacea Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Spondias dulcis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Spondias Peru Bark ND [29 ] Tapirira guianensis Colombia Oil E [34 ] Annonaceae Annona Brazil Leaf I [33 , 47 ] Annona muricata Brazil Leaf ND [48 ] Annona Kenya Leaf I, E [31 ] Annona squamosa Bangladesh, India Bark, fruit I, E [23 , 32 ] Polyalthia longifolia Bangladesh Whole plant ND [30 ] Uvaria scheffleri Kenya Leaf, root E [31 ] Apiaceae Centella asiatica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Conium maculatum Spain Leaf E [37 ] Coriandrum sativum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Eryngium bourgatii Spain Aerial parts, root E [37 ] Eryngium campestre Spain Aerial parts, root E [37 ] Eryngium foetidum Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 27 ] Steganotaenia araliacea Kenya Root E [31 ] Trachyspermum ammi Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Trachyspermum roxburghianum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Apocynaceae Allamanda Colombia Aerial parts, branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 , 44 ] Alstonia scholaris Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Bark, flower, latex, leaf, root I, E [18 , 19 , 32 ] Alstonia venenata Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Asclepias curassavica Nicaragua Bark, flower, latex, leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 ] Blepharodon mucronatum Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Calotropis acia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Calotropis gigantea Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Latex, leaf, root I, E [16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 32 , 38 , 49 ] Calotropis Bangladesh, India, Pakistan Flower, latex, leaf, root, shoot I, E [17 , 25 , 32 , 38 , 40 , 41 ] Cascabela thevetia (syn. Thevetia peruviana )Brazil Bark, seed E [50 ] Catharanthus roseus Bangladesh, Colombia Flower, leaf I, E [32 , 34 ] Cerbera floribunda Papua New Guinea Latex E [46 ] Cerbera odollam Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cryptolepis dubia (syn. Cryptolepis buchanani )India, Sri Lanka Root ND [18 , 19 ] Cynanchum viminale (syn. Sarcostemma viminale )India Whole plant E [38 ] Dregea volubilis (syn. Wattakaka volubilis )India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 23 ] Echidnopsis dammanniana Ethiopia Stem E [51 ] Echites umbellatus Nicaragua Root I [27 ] Gymnema sylvestre India Leaf, root I, E [19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 52 ] Hemidesmus Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Root, whole plant I, E [18 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 32 , 38 ] Holarrhena pubescens (syn. Holarrhena antidysenterica )Bangladesh, India Bark, root, stem I, E [24 , 32 , 38 ] Hoya ovalifolia Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Hunteria zeylanica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ichnocarpus frutescens Bangladesh Root I [32 ] Nerium oleander (syn. Nerium indicum )# India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, seed E [17 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 41 , 53 ] Odontadenia puncticulosa Nicaragua Leaf I [27 ] Pergularia daemia India, Namibia Leaf I [19 , 28 , 54 ] Rauvolfia serpentina Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, rhizome, root, seed I, E [18 , 20 , 22 , 28 , 30 , 32 ] Rauvolfia tetraphylla (syn. Rauvolfia canescens )# Bangladesh, India Root E [16 , 30 ] Tabernaemontana dichotoma Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Tabernaemontana divaricata Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Tabernaemontana sananho Peru Leaf E [29 ] Tylophora Bangladesh, India Leaf I [23 , 30 , 32 ] Tylophora longifolia India Flower, leaf ND [20 ] Vincetoxicum hirundinaria India Root ND [19 ] Willughbeia edulis Bangladesh Stem E [32 ] Wrightia antidysenterica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Wrightia arborea India Bark ND [19 ] Wrightia tinctoria India Leaf ND [38 ] Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Araceae Alocasia Colombia Rhizome, root E [35 , 44 ] Amorphophallus commutatus India Tuber ND [55 ] Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Anaphyllum beddomei India Rhizome E [16 ] Anthurium marmoratum Colombia Branch, leaf, stem E [35 ] Arisaema concinnum India Fruit, tuber ND [19 ] Arisaema flavum Pakistan Rhizome ND [17 ] Arisaema jacquemontii India, Pakistan Flower, leaf, tuber ND [17 , 19 , 56 ] Arisaema tortuosum India Bulb, tuber I [38 , 55 ] Caladium bicolor Peru Tuber E [57 ] Dieffenbachia Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Dieffenbachia parlatorei Colombia Root E [44 ] Dracontium Colombia Rhizome I, E [35 ] Dracontium spruceanum Colombia, Peru Stem, tuber, root E [29 , 34 , 44 , 57 ] Dracunculus vulgaris Spain Bulb, flower E [37 ] Homalomena aromatica Bangladesh Rhizome E [32 ] Homalomena peltata Colombia Leaf E [44 ] Homalomena picturata Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Lasia spinosa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Philodendron deltoideum Peru Aerial parts I, E [29 ] Philodendron hederaceum Nicaragua Leaf, stem I, E [27 ] Philodendron heleniae Colombia Leaf E [44 ] Philodendron Brazil Vine I [33 ] Philodendron Colombia Branch, leaf E [35 ] Pothos scandens Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Rhodospatha oblongata Colombia Rhizome E [35 ] Sauromatum venosum India, Pakistan Leaf, tuber I, E [17 , 38 ] Typhonium roxburghii Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Xanthosoma poeppigii Peru Stem E [57 ] Araliaceae Osmoxylon micranthum Papua New Guinea Latex E [46 ] Arecaceae Areca catechu Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Caryota urens Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Cocos nucifera Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Corypha umbraculifera Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Euterpe edulis Brazil Latex E [50 ] Euterpe oleracea Brazil Fruit E [33 ] Phoenix pusilla Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Syagrus coronata Brazil Bark ND [47 ] Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia birostris Brazil Whole plant I [47 ] Aristolochia India, Sri Lanka Fruit, leaf, whole plant I, E [18 , 23 , 38 , 55 ] Aristolochia clematitis Serbia Rhizome ND [58 ] Aristolochia cordiflora Colombia Leaf, stem I, E [34 , 44 ] Aristolochia Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Aristolochia Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [16 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 30 , 32 ] Aristolochia ovalifolia Mexico Root ND [59 ] Aristolochia Colombia Root I, E [35 ] Aristolochia tagala India Whole plant I, E [16 ] Aristolochia trilobata Brazil, Nicaragua Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 , 50 ] Thottea siliquosa India Leaf, root E [16 , 26 ] Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Leaf, root E [18 , 30 , 32 ] Drimia indica (syn. Urginea indica )India Bulb E [25 ] Peliosanthes teta Bangladesh Root E [32 ] Sansevieria parva Kenya Latex E [31 ] Sansevieria roxburghiana India Rhizome I [23 ] Sansevieria trifasciata Bangladesh, Colombia Aerial parts, whole plant E [30 , 34 , 60 ] Sansevieria zeylanica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Aspleniaceae Asplenium dalhousiae (syn. Ceterach dalhousiae )Pakistan Leaf ND [17 ] Asteraceae Achillea millefolium India Whole plant I [20 ] Acmella paniculata (syn. Spilanthes paniculata )Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Adenostemma fosbergii Ecuador Leaf I [61 ] Adenostemma Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Ageratum Colombia, India, Bangladesh Flower, leaf, root E [19 , 24 , 32 , 34 ] Ageratum houstonianum Pakistan Inflorescence, leaf E [17 ] Ambrosia peruviana (syn. Ambrosia cumanensis )Colombia Aerial parts, whole plant I, E [34 , 44 ] Artemisia maritima Pakistan Whole plant E [17 ] Artemisia scoparia India, Pakistan Whole plant E [17 , 40 ] Austroeupatorium inulifolium Colombia Leaf E [34 , 44 ] Ayapana triplinervis (syn. Eupatorium ayapana , Eupatorium triplinerve )Brazil Leaf I [33 , 50 ] Baccharis inamoena (syn. Baccharis trinervis )Colombia Aerial parts, whole plant E [34 ] Baccharoides anthelmintica (syn. Centratherum anthelminticum )India Seed ND [26 ] Bidens biternata India Leaf E [25 ] Bidens pilosa Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Blumea axillaris Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Blumea brevipes (syn. Laggera brevipes )Kenya Root ND [31 ] Calendula officinalis India Flower I [20 , 28 ] Chromolaena odorata Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Clibadium Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Conyza sumatrensis Kenya Leaf I [31 ] Cyanthillium cinereum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Eclipta prostrata (syn. Eclipta alba Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Leaf, whole plant I, E [17 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 30 , 40 ] Elephantopus scaber Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Emilia sonchifolia Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, whole plant I, E [16 , 18 , 30 , 34 ] Erechtites Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Gnaphalium purpureum Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Gynura hispida Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Helianthus annuus India Seed E [20 ] Inula helenium Serbia Root E [58 ] Laggera alata Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Linzia glabra (syn. Vernonia glabra )Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Microglossa pyrifolia Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Mikania cordata Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Mikania cordifolia Nicaragua Leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 ] Mikania Colombia, Nicaragua Leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 , 44 ] Neurolaena Colombia, Nicaragua Aerial parts, branch, leaf, stem I, E [27 , 35 , 44 ] Pentanema indicum India, Sri Lanka Leaf, root I [18 , 23 ] Pluchea India Flower, seed I, E [20 ] Pseudelephantopus Colombia Whole plant E [44 ] Saussurea simpsoniana India Flower ND [19 ] Senecio chrysanthemoides Pakistan Whole plant E [17 ] Seriphidium brevifolium (syn. Artemisia brevifolia )Pakistan Flower, leaf E [17 ] Solanecio mannii Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Sphaeranthus africanus Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Sphaeranthus indicus Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Sphagneticola trilobata Nicaragua Flower, leaf, stem, whole plant I [27 ] Tagetes minuta Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Taraxacum officinale Colombia, Pakistan Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [17 , 34 ] Tithonia diversifolia Colombia, Kenya Leaf, whole plant I, E [31 , 34 ] Tricholepis glaberrima India Root ND [19 ] Verbesina gigantea Colombia Root, stem I, E [34 ] Vernonanthura patens Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Vernonia zeylanicum Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Wedelia calendulacea India Leaf I [20 ] Wollastonia biflora (syn. Wedelia biflora )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Xanthium strumarium Pakistan Aerial parts E [17 ] Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina Colombia Flower I, E [34 ] Begoniaceae Begonia annulata (syn. Begonia barbata )Bangladesh Leaf, stem E [32 ] Berberidaceae Dysosma pleiantha China, Taiwan Rhizome ND [62 ] Betulaceae Betula alnoides India Bark, leaf ND [19 ] Bignoniaceae Crescentia Colombia Fruit I [35 ] Dolichandra unguis-cati (syn. Macfadyena unguis-cati )# Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Handroanthus barbatus (syn. Tabebuia barbata )Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Mansoa alliacea Peru Bark, root I [57 ] Oroxylum indicum Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Bark E [18 , 32 ] Stereospermum chelonoides Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Stereospermum colais Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Tabebuia Colombia Bark I, E [35 ] Bixaceae Bixa Bangladesh, Colombia, Nicaragua Branch, fruit, latex, leaf, root, stem I, E [27 , 32 ] Cochlospermum vitifolium Colombia Aerial parts E [34 ] Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma (syn. Cordia obliqua )Pakistan Bark, fruit ND [17 ] Cordia spinescens (syn. Varronia spinescens )Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Cynoglossum zeylanicum India Root I [63 ] Echium vulgare Spain Aerial parts ND [37 ] Ehretia microphylla (syn. Ehretia buxifolia )India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 20 ] Heliotropium europaeum Pakistan Whole plant E [17 ] Heliotropium Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I [27 ] Tournefortia Colombia Branch, leaf, stem E [35 ] Trichodesma Pakistan Leaf, root ND [17 ] Trichodesma zeylanicum India Root I, E [20 ] Brassicaceae Brassica juncea Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Brassica rapa (syn. Brassica campestris )India ND E [25 ] Lepidium virginicum Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, root I, E [18 , 27 ] Bromelia pinguin Nicaragua Leaf I, E [27 ] Burseraceae Boswellia serrata India Bark I [24 ] Bursera simaruba Nicaragua Bark, whole plant I [27 ] Canarium zeylanicum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica (syn. Opuntia vulgaris )India Root ND [25 ] Pereskia Colombia Leaf, stem E [35 ] Calophyllaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Mesua ferrea Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Campanulaceae Hippobroma longiflora Nicaragua Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 ] Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa India, Sri Lanka ND I [18 , 40 ] Cannaceae Canna indica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Capparaceae Capparis decidua Pakistan Flower, shoot E [17 ] Capparis moonii Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Capparis roxburghii Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Capparis zeylanica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Carica India Fruit ND [41 ] Crateva adansonii Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Crateva tapia (syn. Crateva benthamii )# Brazil Leaf E [33 ] Cynophalla flexuosa (syn. Capparis flexuosa )Brazil Bark I [64 ] Caprifoliaceae Nardostachys jatamansi India Root ND [19 ] Valeriana jatamansi Pakistan, Sri Lanka Root I, E [17 , 18 ] Celastraceae Cassine glauca India, Sri Lanka Leaf I [18 , 19 ] Celastrus paniculatus India Bark, root, seed I [19 , 38 ] Gymnosporia emarginata Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Parnassia nubicola India Tuber ND [19 ] Chrysobalanaceae Parinari capensis Namibia Root ND [65 ] Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cleome viscosa Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Clusiaceae Garcinia morella Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Garcinia xanthochymus Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Colchicaceae Gloriosa India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Tuber I, E [17 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 38 , 40 ] Combretaceae Anogeissus latifolia Bangladesh, India Bark, whole plant I, E [25 , 30 , 38 ] Combretum collinum Kenya Root E [31 ] Combretum Kenya Bark, root I [31 ] Getonia floribunda (syn. Calycopteris floribunda )Bangladesh Root E [32 ] Terminalia Bangladesh, India Bark I, E [20 , 32 ] Terminalia bellirica Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Terminalia chebula Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Commelinaceae Callisia gracilis Colombia Flower, leaf I, E [34 ] Commelina benghalensis India, Sri Lanka Root ND [18 , 42 ] Connaraceae Connarus Brazil Bark I [33 ] Connarus monocarpus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Convolvulaceae Argyreia nervosa (syn. Argyreia speciosa )India Root, seed ND [19 ] Argyreia populifolia Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Cuscuta reflexa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Dichondra repens Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Evolvulus alsinoides India, Sri Lanka Root I [18 , 23 ] Ipomoea alba Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ipomoea aquatica Bangladesh Leaf, whole plant ND [30 ] Ipomoea asarifolia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Ipomoea Colombia Branch, leaf, stem E [35 ] Ipomoea mauritiana Nicaragua Leaf I, E [27 ] Ipomoea pes-caprae Nicaragua Leaf, seed I [27 ] Ipomoea pes-tigridis India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 19 , 24 , 39 ] Ipomoea setifera Nicaragua Leaf I, E [27 ] Ipomoea triloba Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Operculina pteripes Nicaragua Leaf E [27 ] Rivea hypocrateriformis India ND I [24 ] Cornaceae Alangium salviifolium India Bark I [20 , 23 ] Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (syn. Costus speciosus )Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Bulb, leaf, stem, root, tuber I, E [18 , 19 , 32 , 55 ] Costus Colombia Stem I, E [35 ] Costus Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Costus lima Colombia Stem E [34 ] Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (syn. Kalanchoe pinnata India Leaf ND [22 , 42 ] Kalanchoe laciniata (syn. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Brazil Leaf E [33 ] Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Citrullus India, Pakistan Fruit, root ND [17 , 40 , 41 ] Coccinia grandis Pakistan, Sri Lanka Root I, E [17 , 18 ] Corallocarpus epigaeus India Tuber I [38 ] Cucumis melo Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Cucurbita pepo Spain Flower E [37 ] Diplocyclos palmatus India, Sri Lanka Leaf, tuber I, E [18 , 23 , 66 ] Fevillea cordifolia Colombia, Nicaragua Seed, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 ] Lagenaria Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Luffa acutangula India, Sri Lanka Fruit, whole plant I, E [18 , 19 , 38 ] Momordica balsamina India ND ND [40 ] Momordica Colombia, India, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Aerial parts, branch, flower, fruit, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [18 , 20 , 27 , 34 , 35 ] Momordica dioica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Sicydium tamnifolium Mexico Root ND [59 ] Trichosanthes cucumerina India, Sri Lanka Leaf I [18 , 38 ] Trichosanthes tricuspidata Bangladesh Root I Cycadaceae Cycas pectinata Bangladesh Flower E [32 ] Cycas revoluta Bangladesh Whole plant ND [30 ] Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthus bipartitus Peru Heart E [57 ] Cyperaceae Cyperus kyllingia Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Cyperus rotundus Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bulb, flower, leaf, rhizome, root, tuber I, E [17 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 32 , 39 ] Kyllinga odorata (syn. Kyllinga monocephala )India ND ND [40 ] Dilleniaceae Tetracera sarmentosa Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea oppositifolia Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Dioscorea pentaphylla India Tuber I [38 , 55 ] Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus lowii Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Droseraceae Drosera burmannii Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Drosera indica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki Malaysia Fruit I [67 ] Diospyros melanoxylon India Seed E [25 ] Diospyros montana India Root I [38 ] Diospyros vera (syn. Maba buxifolia )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Euclea racemosa Ethiopia Leaf I [51 ] Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus latifolia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Ericaceae Gaultheria trichophylla India Leaf I [66 ] Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum monogynum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Euphorbiaceae Acalypha aristata (syn. Acalypha arvensis )Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Acalypha fimbriata ND ND ND [68 ] Acalypha Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, whole plant E [18 , 20 , 32 ] Acalypha phleoides Mexico ND ND [68 ] Acalypha wilkesiana (syn. Acalypha godseffiana )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Agrostistachys hookeri Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Baliospermum solanifolium (syn. Baliospermum montanum )India Leaf, root, seed E [19 , 32 ] Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Colombia Leaf, whole plant I, E [34 ] Croton tiglium Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Croton trinitatis Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Euphorbia antiquorum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Euphorbia Bangladesh, Brazil, India Latex, root, whole plant I [19 , 20 , 32 , 47 ] Euphorbia milii Bangladesh Whole plant ND [30 ] Euphorbia neriifolia (syn. Euphorbia ligularia )India, Sri Lanka Latex, leaf, stem I, E [18 , 19 , 22 , 38 ] Euphorbia thymifolia Nicaragua Latex, leaf, whole plant I [27 ] Euphorbia tirucalli Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Euphorbia tithymaloides (syn. Pedilanthus tithymaloides )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Euphorbia tortilis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Hura crepitans Peru Latex E [57 ] Jatropha Brazil, Nepal Latex, root, stem I [47 , 64 , 69 , 70 ] Jatropha Bangladesh, Brazil Latex, leaf, stem I, E [32 , 50 ] Jatropha Brazil Latex ND [47 , 64 ] Jatropha multifida Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Jatropha podagrica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Jatropha ribifolia Brazil Latex ND [47 ] Mallotus repandus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Manihot esculenta Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua Branch, leaf, root I, E [27 , 33 , 34 ] Melanolepis multiglandulosa Papua New Guinea Latex I [46 ] Phyllanthus Colombia Branch, leaf I, E [35 ] Ricinus communis Brazil, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Fruit, latex, leaf, root, seed I, E [17 , 18 , 69 , 71 , 72 ] Spirostachys africana Namibia Stem ND [65 ] Tragia involucrata India Whole plant I [20 , 28 ] Trewia nudiflora Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Fabaceae Abrus Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, stem I, E [20 , 21 , 28 , 32 , 38 ] Abrus pulchellus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Acacia caesia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Acacia cornigera Mexico Root ND [59 ] Acacia leucophloea India Bark I, E [20 , 63 ] Acacia mellifera Namibia ND ND [54 ] Acacia nilotica India Leaf I, E [38 ] Acacia torta India Bark I [63 ] Acosmium panamense Mexico Bark ND [59 ] Adenanthera pavonina Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Albizia Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bark, flower, fruit, leaf, seed I, E [16 –18 , 23 , 32 , 40 ] Albizia procera Bangladesh, Pakistan Juicy parts, leaf, root E [17 , 32 ] Alysicarpus vaginalis Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Amburana cearensis Brazil Seed ND [71 ] Bauhinia divaricata (syn. Bauhinia retusa )India Bark, flower, leaf ND [19 ] Bauhinia guianensis Nicaragua Bark, stem I, E [27 ] Bauhinia purpurea India Bark, flower, leaf ND [19 ] Bauhinia racemosa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Bauhinia Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Bulb, stem E [18 , 32 ] Brownea Colombia Bark I, E [35 ] Butea India Bark, leaf, resin, seed I, E [24 , 25 , 38 , 40 , 41 ] Caesalpinia bonduc India, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Root, seed I, E [18 , 20 , 27 , 38 ] Caesalpinia coriaria Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cajanus cajan Bangladesh Stem E [30 , 32 ] Canavalia gladiata Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cassia Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka Bark, fruit, leaf, root, seed I, E [18 , 19 , 24 , 25 , 32 , 33 , 38 , 40 ] Centrosema pubescens Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Clitoria ternatea Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, root, seed I, E [16 , 18 , 19 , 32 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 60 ] Crotalaria laburnifolia Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Crotalaria verrucosa India Seed I [23 ] Dalbergia melanoxylon India Bark I [20 ] Deguelia amazonica (syn. Derris amazonica )Brazil Root ND [50 ] Derris floribunda Brazil Root ND [50 ] Desmodium Colombia, Nicaragua Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 ] Desmodium gangeticum Bangladesh, India, Pakistan Root, whole plant I, E [17 , 32 , 55 ] Desmodium triflorum Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Shoot I, E [18 , 32 ] Dipteryx Brazil Seed I [33 , 50 ] Entada leptostachya Kenya Latex E [31 ] Entada rheedii (syn. Entada pursaetha )Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, seed I, E [18 , 32 , 49 ] Erythrina americana Mexico Leaf, seed ND [59 ] Erythrina excelsa India, Kenya Bark, latex ND [20 , 31 ] Erythrina fusca Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Erythrina subumbrans Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Erythrina variegata India Bark ND [19 ] Gliricidia sepium Colombia Leaf, stem I, E [34 ] Glycine max India Seed I [20 ] Glycyrrhiza glabra Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Humboldtia decurrens India Root E [16 ] Humboldtia laurifolia Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Indigofera circinella Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Indigofera suffruticosa Colombia, Nicaragua Aerial parts, seed, whole plant I, E [27 , 34 ] Indigofera India Root I [16 ] Leucaena leucocephala Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Libidibia Brazil Seed I [33 ] Machaerium ferox Brazil Leaf E [33 ] Macrotyloma uniflorum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Mimosa Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [16 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 32 ] Mucuna Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka Fruit, seed, stem, whole plant I, E [18 , 19 , 28 , 32 , 69 ] Mucuna sloanei Ecuador Seed I [61 ] Mucuna urens Nicaragua Seed E [27 ] Parkinsonia aculeata Brazil Seed ND [47 ] Pentaclethra Nicaragua Bark I, E [27 ] Plathymenia Brazil Bark I [33 ] Pongamia pinnata Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Pterocarpus santalinus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Saraca asoca Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Senna alata (syn. Cassia alata )India, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, whole plant I, E [18 , 20 , 27 , 28 ] Senna Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Senna Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Senna hirsuta Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Senna occidentalis (syn. Cassia occidentalis )Bangladesh, India, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [18 , 27 , 32 , 40 ] Senna reticulata (syn. Cassia reticulata )Brazil, Nicaragua Leaf, root, whole plant I [27 , 50 ] Senna siamea Kenya Root ND [31 ] Senna sophera (syn. Cassia sophera )Bangladesh Leaf, root I [30 , 32 ] Senna tora (syn. Cassia tora )Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, seed, stem I, E [20 , 24 , 25 , 28 , 32 , 42 ] Sesbania grandiflora Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Tadehagi triquetrum (syn. Desmodium triquetrum )India Whole plant ND [19 ] Tamarindus Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Seed, whole plant I, E [18 , 22 , 25 , 32 , 38 ] Tephrosia purpurea Bangladesh, India Root, whole plant I, E [19 , 20 , 24 , 32 ] Trigonella foenum-graecum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Uraria lagopodioides India Bark I, E [49 ] Uraria picta Bangladesh, India Root, whole plant I [24 , 30 ] Vigna luteola Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Vigna radiata Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Gentianaceae Chelonanthus alatus (syn. Irlbachia alata )# Colombia Branch, leaf E [35 ] Enicostema India Whole plant I [23 , 45 ] Fagraea ceilanica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Hoppea dichotoma India Shoot ND [19 ] Huperzia phlegmaria Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Potalia amara Peru Aerial parts ND [29 ] Gesneriaceae Columnea Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Columnea sanguinea (syn. Besleria sanguinea )# Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Episcia Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Gleicheniaceae Gleichenella pectinata Colombia Whole plant I [34 ] Haemodoraceae Xiphidium Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru Leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 , 44 , 57 ] Heliconiaceae Heliconia Colombia Rhizome E [35 ] Hydroleaceae Hydrolea zeylanica Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Hymenophyllaceae Trichomanes Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Hypoxidaceae Curculigo orchioides Bangladesh, India Bulb, leaf, rhizome I [32 , 73 ] Iridaceae Iris kemaonensis India Rhizome ND [66 ] Sisyrinchium micranthum Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Lamiaceae Aegiphila Colombia Leaf, branch, stem E [35 ] Anisochilus velutinus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Anisomeles indica India, Sri Lanka Whole plant ND [18 , 19 ] Anisomeles malabarica Bangladesh, India Whole plant I [28 , 30 , 60 ] Callicarpa tomentosa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Clerodendrum cordatum (syn. Clerodendrum viscosum )Bangladesh Flower, leaf E [32 ] Clerodendrum phlomidis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Fuerstia africana Kenya Leaf I [31 ] Gmelina arborea Bangladesh Root I [32 ] Gmelina asiatica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Hyptis Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Hyptis suaveolens Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Leonotis leonurus South Africa Flower, leaf I [74 ] Leucas Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, stem I [23 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 32 ] Leucas India Bark, leaf, whole plant I, E [19 , 20 , 40 , 49 ] Marsypianthes Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Mentha × piperita Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Mentha pulegium Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Ocimum Bangladesh, Colombia, India Branch, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [20 , 32 , 35 ] Ocimum campechianum (syn. Ocimum micranthum )Colombia, Nicaragua Aerial parts, leaf, whole plant I, E [27 , 44 ] Ocimum tenuiflorum (syn. Ocimum sanctum India, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [16 , 18 , 20 , 28 , 40 , 41 ] Origanum vulgare Serbia Flower, leaf ND [58 ] Plectranthus amboinicus Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Plectranthus hadiensis Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Plectranthus monostachyus Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Pogostemon cablin Malaysia ND ND [75 ] Pogostemon heyneanus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Premna esculenta Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Premna serratifolia (syn. Premna integrifolia )Bangladesh Leaf, root I, E [36 ] Rosmarinus officinalis Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Rotheca serrata (syn. Clerodendrum serratum )India Leaf, root ND [19 , 39 ] Tectona grandis India Bark I [25 ] Teucrium chamaedrys Serbia Flower ND [58 ] Thymus vulgaris India, Spain Aerial parts, whole plant I, E [20 , 37 ] Vitex Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, rhizome, root I, E [18 , 20 , 22 , 32 ] Vitex trifolia India Leaf I [28 ] Volkameria eriophylla (syn. Clerodendrum eriophyllum )Kenya Leaf, root ND [76 ] Lauraceae Aniba parviflora (syn. Aniba fragrans Brazil Bark I [33 ] Cinnamomum verum Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Litsea glutinosa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Litsea longifolia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Persea macrantha Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Lecythidaceae Careya arborea Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Couroupita guianensis Bangladesh Bark, leaf ND [30 ] Linderniaceae Lindernia Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Loganiaceae Strychnos India Bark, root, seed I, E [16 , 20 , 49 ] Strychnos potatorum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Strychnos Colombia Stem E [35 ] Loranthaceae Struthanthus cassythoides Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Struthanthus Colombia Branch, leaf E [35 ] Lycopodiaceae Huperzia pulcherrima Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Lygodiaceae Lygodium heterodoxum Nicaragua Leaf I, E [27 ] Lygodium venustum Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua Aerial parts, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 34 , 59 ] Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis India Bark ND [25 ] Punica granatum India, Sri Lanka Whole plant I, E [18 , 20 , 28 ] Trapa natans (syn. Trapa bispinosa )Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Magnoliaceae Magnolia champaca (syn. Michelia champaca )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Malpighiaceae Bronwenia cornifolia (syn. Banisteriopsis cornifolia )Nicaragua Bark, leaf, stem E [27 ] Byrsonima crassifolia Brazil, Nicaragua Bark, leaf I [27 , 47 ] Stigmaphyllon puberum Nicaragua Leaf, stem I, E [27 ] Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Fruit, leaf, seed I, E [18 , 32 , 38 ] Abroma augusta Bangladesh Leaf, root, stem E [32 ] Abutilon hirtum (syn. Abutilon heterotrichum )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Abutilon indicum India, Sri Lanka Fruit, leaf I [18 , 20 ] Ceiba pentandra Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Corchorus trilocularis Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Firmiana simplex (syn. Sterculia urens )India Bark, latex I [38 , 55 ] Gossypium arboreum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Gossypium herbaceum India Seed ND [41 ] Gossypium hirsutum Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Grewia damine Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Grewia nervosa (syn. Microcos paniculata )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Helicteres isora Bangladesh, India Fruit, root I [23 , 25 , 32 ] Hibiscus rostellatus (syn. Hibiscus furcatus )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Hibiscus surattensis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Hibiscus tiliaceus Mexico Seed ND [59 ] Melochia corchorifolia Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Leaf, whole plant I, E [18 , 32 ] Sida Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, whole plant I, E [18 , 32 , 35 , 39 , 44 ] Sida cordata Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Sida cordifolia Bangladesh Leaf I [32 ] Sida rhombifolia Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf, stem I, E [18 , 27 , 32 ] Thespesia populnea Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Triumfetta rhomboidea Kenya Root E [31 ] Urena lobata Bangladesh Root I [32 ] Wissadula periplocifolia Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Leaf, root E [18 , 30 , 60 ] Marantaceae Ischnosiphon rotundifolius Brazil Leaf ND [47 ] Martyniaceae Martynia annua India, Sri Lanka Fruit E [18 , 25 ] Melastomataceae Osbeckia octandra Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Bellucia Brazil Bark I [33 ] Melastoma malabathricum Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Memecylon umbellatum India Leaf I [63 ] Meliaceae Azadirachta indica India, Sri Lanka Bark, flower, latex, leaf, seed I, E [18 , 20 , 22 , 28 , 39 –41 ] Cipadessa baccifera India Leaf, root I [63 ] Melia azedarach India, Sri Lanka Bark, leaf I, E [18 , 41 ] Munronia pinnata Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Menispermaceae Cissampelos fasciculata Colombia Leaf I [44 ] Cissampelos Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant I, E [18 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 55 , 59 ] Cocculus acuminatus India Stem E [16 ] Cocculus hirsutus (syn. Cocculus villosus )India Leaf I [38 , 40 ] Coscinium fenestratum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Cyclea peltata Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Odontocarya Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Tinospora cordifolia Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Fruit, root, stem I [18 , 22 , 23 , 32 ] Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indica Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf, root I, E [18 , 27 ] Monimiaceae Hortonia angustifolia Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Artocarpus nobilis Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Broussonetia zeylanica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Castilla Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Dorstenia contrajerva Mexico, Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 , 59 ] Ficus benghalensis India ND ND [40 ] Ficus drupacea Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ficus hispida Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ficus Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Ficus racemosa Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Bark, shoot I, E [18 , 32 , 38 ] Ficus religiosa India, Sri Lanka Bark I, E [18 , 49 ] Morus India Leaf I [20 ] Plecospermum spinosum Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Streblus asper Bangladesh Root E [32 ] Moringaceae Moringa India, Sri Lanka Bark, root, seed I, E [16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 28 ] Musaceae Ensete ventricosum (syn. Ensete edule )Kenya Latex E [31 ] Musa × paradisíac Ecuador, India, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Bark, flower, latex I, E [18 , 20 , 27 , 28 , 61 ] Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Myrtaceae Myrcia bracteata (syn. Eugenia bracteata )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Syzygium aromaticum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Syzygium caryophyllatum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Syzygium cumini (syn. Eugenia jambolana )India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bark, leaf I [17 , 18 , 20 ] Syzygium zeylanicum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Nepenthaceae Nepenthes distillatoria Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Pakistan Whole plant E [17 ] Boerhavia diffusa Brazil, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant E [18 , 24 , 25 , 39 , 41 , 50 ] Boerhavia procumbens Pakistan Leaf E [17 ] Mirabilis jalapa Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 32 ] Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Nymphaea pubescens Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Ochnaceae Ochna jabotapita Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Sauvagesia erecta Nicaragua Whole plant I, E [27 ] Oleaceae Jasminum officinale Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Jasminum sambac Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Nyctanthes arbor-tristis India, Sri Lanka Root I [18 , 49 ] Olea europaea Spain Oil ND [37 ] Opiliaceae Opilia amentacea Kenya Root E [31 ] Orchidaceae Vanda tessellata India Root E [25 ] Zeuxine regia Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Biophytum reinwardtii Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Oxalis corniculata Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 32 ] Pandanaceae Pandanus kaida Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Pandanus odorifer (syn. Pandanus odoratissimus )India Root ND [19 ] Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Bangladesh, India Leaf, root, seed, stem I, E [20 , 32 , 38 , 42 ] Papilionaceae Desmodium elegans Pakistan Root E [17 , 53 ] Passifloraceae Adenia hondala Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Passiflora Colombia Branch, leaf E [34 , 35 ] Phyllanthaceae Antidesma bunius India Leaf ND [77 ] Bridelia retusa Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Cleistanthus collinus Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Glochidion zeylanicum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Margaritaria indica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Phyllanthus acidus India Root ND [77 ] Phyllanthus debilis Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Bark, fruit, root I, E [18 , 20 , 22 , 30 ] Phyllanthus niruri India Flower E [20 ] Phyllanthus reticulatus India Leaf I [20 ] Phyllanthus urinaria Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Phytolaccaceae Petiveria Colombia, Nicaragua Branch, leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 , 34 , 35 ] Pinaceae Pinus Pakistan Oil, resin, wood E [17 , 53 ] Piperaceae Peperomia Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Peperomia pellucida Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Whole plant I, E [18 , 27 ] Piper amalago Mexico, Nicaragua Leaf, root I [27 , 59 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf E [35 ] Piper Colombia, Nicaragua Branch, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 34 , 35 , 44 ] Piper betle Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Piper chuvya Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Piper confusionis Peru Leaf E [57 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Piper Colombia Whole plant E [35 ] Piper Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Flower, fruit, Latex, root E [18 , 30 ] Piper Brazil, Colombia Branch, leaf, root, stem I, E [35 , 50 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Piper nigrum Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Floral bud, flower, fruit, root I, E [18 , 20 , 28 , 32 , 52 ] Piper Colombia, Nicaragua Branch, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Piper Colombia Branch, leaf, stem E [35 ] Piper umbellatum Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Pittosporaceae Pittosporum neelgherrense India Bark I, E [16 ] Pittosporum tetraspermum India Bark I [26 ] Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant I [18 , 23 , 32 , 39 , 41 ] Plantago australis Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Plantago major Colombia Aerial parts, leaf I, E [44 ] Scoparia Colombia, Nicaragua Aerial parts, branch, leaf, root, whole plant I, E [27 , 34 , 35 , 44 ] Platanaceae Platanus orientalis Pakistan Bark I, E [17 ] Plumbaginaceae Plumbago indica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Plumbago zeylanica Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 23 , 32 ] Poaceae Chrysopogon zizanioides (syn. Vetiveria zizanioides )India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [16 , 18 ] Cymbopogon citratus Colombia Leaf E [34 ] Cynodon dactylon Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Leaf, root, whole plant E [18 , 19 , 32 ] Drynaria quercifolia Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Eleusine coracana Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Gynerium sagittatum Nicaragua Leaf, root I [27 ] Heteropogon contortus India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 38 , 55 ] Isachne globosa Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Oryza punctata Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Oryza sativa Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Pogonatherum paniceum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Saccharum arundinaceum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Saccharum officinarum Colombia, Sri Lanka Stem I, E [18 , 34 , 44 ] Polygalaceae Polygala abyssinica Pakistan Root I [17 ] Polygala crotalarioides India Leaf, root ND [19 ] Polygala paniculata Brazil Root E [47 ] Polygala spectabilis Brazil Root I, E [47 ] Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata (syn. Polygonum barbatum )India Leaf I, E [38 ] Persicaria chinensis (syn. Polygonum chinense )Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Persicaria ferruginea (syn. Polygonum ferrugineum ) Colombia Aerial parts E [34 ] Persicaria glabra (syn. Polygonum glabrum )India Root E [25 ] Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Pyrrosia piloselloides Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Pontederiaceae Monochoria hastata Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Portulacaceae Portulaca pilosa Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Primulaceae Aegiceras corniculatum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Anagallis arvensis Serbia Aerial parts ND [58 ] Ardisia humilis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Maesa Kenya Root ND [31 ] Myrsine coriacea Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum Nicaragua Leaf, root I, E [27 ] Adiantum capillus-veneris Pakistan Frond E [17 ] Pellaea viridis Kenya Leaf E [31 ] Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiata (syn. Clematis triloba )India Root E [25 ] Delphinium denudatum India Root ND [19 ] Delphinium vestitum India Whole plant ND [19 ] Rhamnaceae Alphitonia incana Papua New Guinea Oil E [46 ] Ziziphus jujuba (syn. Ziziphus mauritiana )Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ziziphus oenoplia India, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 49 ] Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle Nicaragua Bark I, E [27 ] Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna Spain Thorn ND [37 ] Potentilla sundaica India Root, stem ND [19 ] Prunus persica Ethiopia Leaf I [51 ] Prunus walkeri Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Pyrus communis Pakistan Fruit, leaf I [17 ] Sanguisorba officinalis Serbia Rhizome ND [58 ] Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa (syn. Randia dumetorum )India Root I [23 ] Ceriscoides turgida (syn. Gardenia turgida )India Bark, root I [24 , 38 ] Chiococca alba Brazil, Nicaragua Leaf, root I [27 , 47 ] Clausena dentata Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Gonzalagunia Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Hamelia axillaris Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Hamelia barbata Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Hamelia patens Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I, E [27 ] Hamelia rovirosae Nicaragua Flower, leaf, stem I, E [27 ] Hedyotis scandens Bangladesh Leaf, stem E [32 ] Ixora coccinea Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Ixora cuneifolia Bangladesh Bark E [32 ] Ixora pavetta (syn. Ixora arborea )India Leaf, rood, seed ND [19 ] Mitragyna parvifolia India Bark, stem I, E [38 , 63 ] Morinda angustifolia Bangladesh Leaf I [32 ] Morinda citrifolia Bangladesh Root ND [30 ] Morinda coreia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Morinda persicifolia Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Mussaenda frondosa Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Mussaenda roxburghii Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Nauclea orientalis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Neonauclea purpurea (syn. Anthocephalus chinensis )Bangladesh Bark, leaf ND [30 ] Oldenlandia diffusa India Whole plant E [20 ] Oldenlandia umbellata India Leaf, root E [20 ] Ophiorrhiza India Root I [16 , 20 ] Paederia foetida Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Palicourea croceoides Colombia Bark I [34 ] Pavetta indica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Psychotria elata Nicaragua Flower, leaf, root, stem, whole plant I, E [27 ] Psychotria flavida India Root I [63 ] Psychotria Colombia, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Branch, leaf, stem, whole plant I, E [18 , 27 , 35 ] Randia Mexico Fruit, whole plant I [59 , 78 ] Rubia Nepal, Pakistan Leaf, root, stem I [17 , 69 ] Rubia manjith India Root, stem ND [19 ] Spermacoce remota (syn. Borreria assurgens )Nicaragua Leaf, root I, E [27 ] Tamilnadia uliginosa Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Wendlandia exserta India Root I [49 ] Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Aegle marmelos Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Bark, whole plant I, E [18 , 20 , 30 , 32 , 41 ] Atalantia ceylanica Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Citrus aurantiifolia Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Citrus aurantium Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Citrus japonica (syn. Citrus madurensis )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Citrus Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Fruit, leaf, root I, E [18 , 20 , 28 , 34 , 35 ] Citrus maxima (syn. Citrus grandis )Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Glycosmis pentaphylla India Leaf I, E [16 ] Limonia acidissima (syn. Feronia limonia )India, Sri Lanka Root I [18 , 20 ] Murraya koenigii India, Sri Lanka Bark, leaf I, E [18 , 28 ] Murraya Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Naringi crenulata India Fruit ND [19 ] Pamburus missionis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Ruta chalepensis Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Toddalia asiatica India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 63 ] Salicaceae Casearia ND Bark, leaf ND [79 ] Casearia nigrescens (syn. Casearia elliptica )India Bark, leaf ND [19 ] Casearia Brazil Leaf, whole plant ND [47 , 79 ] Casearia tomentosa India Bark, root I, E [49 , 79 ] Flacourtia indica Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Santalaceae Santalum album Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Cardiospermum halicacabum India, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 28 ] Dodonaea viscosa India Leaf E [28 ] Harpullia arborea Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Sapindus emarginatus India Bark I [20 ] Sapindus mukorossi India, Pakistan Fruit, leaf, root, seed E [17 , 25 ] Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia (syn. Madhuca indica )India, Sri Lanka Bark, fruit, leaf, nut, root, seed I, E [18 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 32 , 38 ] Manilkara zapota Mexico Root ND [59 ] Mimusops elengi Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus India Leaf ND [66 ] Selaginellaceae Selaginella Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Simaroubaceae Ailanthus excelsa India Bark I [38 ] Quassia Colombia, Nicaragua Root, stem, whole plant I, E [27 , 35 ] Quassia indica Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Simaba Colombia Seed, whole plant I, E [34 , 35 , 44 ] Siparunaceae Siparuna gesnerioides Colombia Leaf, root I [34 , 44 ] Siparuna Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Smilacaceae Smilax regelii Nicaragua Root I [27 ] Smilax spinosa Nicaragua Root I [27 ] Solanaceae Atropa acuminata Pakistan Leaf, root E [17 ] Capsicum annuum (syn. Capsicum frutescens Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Fruit, root I, E [18 , 19 , 25 , 32 , 34 , 35 ] Datura metel Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Bark, flower, fruit, leaf, root, seed I, E [18 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 34 ] Datura India Root I, E [38 ] Lycopersicon esculentum Colombia Leaf, stem, whole plant E [34 ] Nicotiana tabacum Colombia, India, Nicaragua Leaf I, E [20 , 27 , 44 ] Solanum Colombia Branch, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Solanum americanum (syn. Solanum nigrum )Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Fruit, leaf, whole plant I, E [18 , 25 , 34 , 38 ] Solanum capsicoides Bangladesh Seed ND [30 ] Solanum incanum Kenya Fruit, stem E [31 ] Solanum melongena Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Solanum Colombia Branch, fruit, leaf, stem I, E [35 ] Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum Mexico Whole plant ND [59 ] Solanum torvum Bangladesh, India, Nicaragua Flower, leaf, root I, E [20 , 27 , 30 , 32 ] Solanum verbascifolium Mexico Whole plant ND [59 ] Solanum virginianum (syn. Solanum xanthocarpum )India, Sri Lanka Root I [18 , 41 ] Withania somnifera Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Root I, E [18 , 22 , 32 ] Sterculiaceae Byttneria pilosa Bangladesh Leaf, stem E [32 ] Symplocaceae Symplocos cochinchinensis Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Symplocos racemosa Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Talinaceae Talinum paniculatum Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Thymelaeaceae Daphne papyracea Pakistan Leaf, root, stem ND [17 ] Triuridaceae Sciaphila purpurea Colombia Whole plant I, E [35 ] Urticaceae Boehmeria nivea Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Cecropia obtusifolia Nicaragua Leaf I [27 ] Cecropia peltata Bangladesh, Nicaragua Leaf, whole plant I [27 , 30 ] Girardinia diversifolia Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Pouzolzia zeylanica (syn. Pouzolzia indica )Bangladesh, India Leaf, whole plant E [32 , 42 ] Verbenaceae Aloysia triphylla Colombia Aerial parts E [34 ] Lantana camara Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka Flower, leaf, root, stem I, E [18 , 32 , 34 , 39 , 41 ] Lippia alba Colombia Aerial parts, leaf, whole plant I, E [34 ] Lippia grandis Brazil Leaf I [33 ] Stachytarpheta cayennensis Colombia Whole plant E [34 ] Verbena litoralis Colombia Fruit peel, leaf, root, seed E [34 ] Verbena officinalis Pakistan Root, whole plant E [17 , 53 ] Vitaceae Ampelocissus latifolia India Root I [49 ] Cayratia pedata (syn. Cissus pedata )Bangladesh Leaf ND [30 ] Cayratia trifolia (syn. Vitis trifolia )Bangladesh, India Leaf, root I, E [36 , 38 ] Cissus adnata Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Cissus javana Bangladesh Leaf, stem E [32 ] Cissus Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Leea indica Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Vitis heyneana (syn. Vitis lanata )Bangladesh Leaf E [32 ] Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe harlana Ethiopia Leaf I [51 ] Aloe littoralis Pakistan Whole plant E [17 ] Aloe vera Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Leaf I, E [18 , 27 ] Zingiberaceae Alpinia calcarata Sri Lanka ND I, E [18 ] Alpinia galanga Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Alpinia nigra Sri Lanka ND E [18 ] Alpinia purpurata Colombia Leaf E [44 ] Curcuma angustifolia India Rhizome E [28 ] Curcuma Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Rhizome I, E [16 , 18 , 20 , 30 ] Elettaria cardamomum Sri Lanka ND I [18 ] Globba marantina (syn. Globba bulbifera )India Rhizome I [49 ] Hedychium coronarium Colombia, Nicaragua Root, whole plant E [27 , 34 ] Renealmia Colombia Rhizome, stem I, E [34 , 35 ] Renealmia thyrsoidea Colombia Leaf, stem I [34 ] Zingiber Ecuador, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka Rhizome, root I, E [18 , 27 , 61 ] Zygophyllaceae Balanites India Bark, fruit E [38 ]