African Herbal Remedies with Antioxidant Activity: A Potential Resource Base for Wound Treatment

Table 2

Medicinal plants with confirmed antioxidant activity or medicinal plants that contain compounds that are not known to have antioxidant activity.

Family and plant name	Vernacular name	Plant part	Country/area	Medicinal use and/or experimental validation	Compounds isolated	Reference
Acanthaceae
Barleria species; B. albostellata,; B. greenii,; B. prionitis		Leaves, twigs and roots	South Africa	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities	Not identified	[212, 213]
Hypoestes rosea Decne.	Not signalized	Leaf extract	Nigeria	Anti-inflammatory activity due in part to its ability to inhibit NF-kappaB activation through direct inhibition of IkappaB kinase (IKK).	Diterpene: Hypoestoxide (a bicyclo [9,3,1] pentadecane)	[380, 381]
Aizoaceae
Glinus lotoides L.	“Mettere”; Hairy carpet -weed	Seeds	Cameroon; Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Egypt.	Used to treat cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system.	Three flavonoids: apigenin-7-O-glucoside, isovitexin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside; Three isoflavonoids: 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)isoflavone,; 5,7,4′-trihydroxy -6,3′-di-(3,3-dimethylallyl)isoflavone, and 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6,3′-di-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone.	[290, 382–386]
G. oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC.	Balasa	Whole plant	Mali	Antioxidant and radical scavenging abilities.	kaempferol 3-O-galactopyranoside	[387, 388]
Aloaceae
Aloe claviflora Burch.	Kraal aloe		South Africa	Free radical scavenging and moderate inhibition in lipid peroxidation.; Used as a purgative.	Not identified	[35]
A. maculata; Forssk.; (=A. saponaria)	“Yellow Form”; Tiger Aloe, Soap Aloe		South Africa	Free radical scavenging and moderate inhibition in lipid peroxidation.; Used as a purgative.	Not identified	[35]
A. thraskii Baker	Dune aloe		South Africa	Free radical scavenging and moderate inhibition in lipid peroxidation.; Used as a purgative.	Not identified	[35]
Anacardiaceae
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst	Marula	Stem-bark		Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used to treat diabetes, tonsillitis, snake bite and also diarrhoea.	Not identified	[389]
Annonaceae
Enantia chlorantha Oliver	Erenbavbogo, Mföl Muamba	Root, stem-bark	Nigeria	Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used to treat ulcers and leprous spots wounds. Bark sap is taken as decoction against diarrhoea.	Not identified	[390–393]
Uvaria afzelii Sc. Elliot	Pareho-houon, Bahie oulin	Leaves, roots and stem-bark	Ivory Coast	Used as for its antiparasitic activity	Anthocyanins and other flavonoids	[394–396]
U. chamae P.Beauv.	Okandii; Anweda tsoGa	Stem, bark; Leaves, root	Ivory Coast Nigeria	Used for its antiplasmodial activity.	Polyphenols	[12, 397, 398]
Apocynaceae
Picralima nitida Th. & H. Dur.	Ghana: Kpetepetetso, Kanwini,; Kanwinu; Cameroon: motoko-toko	Seeds Stem-bark	Ghana	Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.	Not identified	[168, 399–402]
Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.	Asofeyeje, adapopo; Mwanje	Root-bark	Ghana	Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Also to treat scabies, high blood pressure, fever and snakebites.	Not identified	[56]
Araliaceae
Cussonia barteri Seem.	Cabbage tree	Leaves; Roots	Nigeria, Mali	Antioxidant and radical scavenging abilities. Inhibitory activity on 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1.	Not identified	[357, 403]
Arecaceae
Hyphaene thebaica Mart.	Not signalized	Shell	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera (Aiton); W.T.Aiton	African milk weed; Sodom apple/Giant milkweed/	Latex	Ethiopia	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.	Not identified	[404]
	Swallow-wort/Auricula tree.		Sudan	Used to control dermal fungal infections and for pain relief. Latex used against scorpion stings and roots for jaundice.
Gongronema latifolium Benth.	Not signalized	Leaves	Nigeria	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[405–407]
Leptadenia hastata Decne.	Not signalized	Leaves	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Pachycarpus rigidus E. Mey.	Not signalized	Bark	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat pain in the joints	Not identified	[188]
Asparagaceae
Asparagus virgatus Baker; Refug. Bot. (Saunders)	Broom asparagus	Bark	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat syphilis, anthelmintic	Not identified	[35]
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Inkuruba; Herbe à bouc	Whole plant	Central Africa, Rwanda Ethiopia	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.; Used to treat mastitis and urogenital infections and to dress wounds. Also as a gastroprotective.	Not identified	[12, 408, 409]
Artemisia herba-alba	Desert wormwood, shih	Aerial parts	Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, Morocco	Herbal tea from A. herba-alba has been used as analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and hemostatic agents in folk medicines	Camphor (17–33%), α-thujone (7–28%), and chrysanthenone (4–19%)	[9]
Artemisia judaica L.	Wormwood	Leaves	Egypt	Used for gastrointestinal disorders	Flavonoids with antioxidant activities.	[410]
Callilepis laureola; DC.	Ox-eye daisy, Impila	Tuber	South Africa	Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.; Used to induce fertility, impotence, tapeworm infestations but induces hepatic and renal tubular necrosis.	Not identified	[188, 411, 412]
Psiadia punctulata (DC) Vatke	Mwendathigo	Leaf exudate	Kenya, East Africa	Used to treat colds, fevers and abdominals pains.	Flavones: 5,7-dihydroxy-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-7,2′,3′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-2′,3′,5′-trimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone.	[359, 413]
Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp.	Buaye	Leaves, roots	Mali	Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used to treat gastritis, gastro duodenal ulcers, as an aid to ameliorate digestion and as a wound healing remedy. Immunomodulating activities.	Not identified	[187, 414]
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia pinnata DC.	Suasage tree,; Cucumber tree	Root; fruit	Egypt	Used as dressing for ulcers and used to treat rheumatism; Anti-inflammatory activity	Naphthoquinones: kigelinone, isopinnatal, dehydro-alpha-lapachone, and lapachol and the phenylpropanoids: p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid (root), kigelinone and caffeic acid (fruits).	[415, 416]
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.	Pink tecoma; Pink trumpet tree	Leaves; Stem-bark	Nigeria	Used to treat arthritis.	Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and traces of saponins	[107]
Crescentia cujete L.	Calabash; Gourd tree	Leaves; Stem-bark	Nigeria	Used as purgative and to treat coughs.	Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and traces of saponins	[107]
Bombacaceae
Bombax costatum Pellegrin & Vuillet	Not signalized	Fruit	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium; indicum L.	Nonsikou	Leaves	Mali	Moderate antioxidant activity.; Used for wound healing and for ocular infection.	Not identified	[417–419]
Buddlejaceae
Buddleja; madagascariensis Lam.	Butterfly-bush	Leaves	Egypt	Used to treat coughs, asthma, and bronchitis.	Flavonoids triglycosides: hesperetin and diosmetin 7-O (2′′,6′′- di-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosides	[420]
Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia fistula L.	Golden shower tree	Fruit	Mauritius	Laxative.	Phenolics and flavonoids	[368]
Canellaceae
Warburgia salutaris (Bertol F.) Chiov.	Pepper-bark tree; Isibaha	Bark	South Africa	Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.; Used to treat coughs, stomach ulcers, malaria, rheumatism, liver and venereal diseases	Not identified	[188]
W. ugandensis Sprague	Fever tree	Stem-bark; Leaves	Kenya; Ethiopia	Used to treat stomach ache, chest pains, malaria, toothache and coughs.	Flavonol glycoside Kaempferol, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol; 3-Rhamnoside-7,4′-digalactoside and Quercetin: 3-Rhamnosyl(1→6[glucosyl(1→2)glucoside]-7-rhamnoside, kaempferide 3-O-beta-xylosyl (1→2)-beta-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside-7,4′-di-O-beta-galactoside, kaempferol 3,7,4′-tri-O-beta-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, myricetin, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside-4′-galactoside, myricetin 3-galactoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside.	[421–424]
Capparaceae
Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poiret	Senegal Boscia	Fruit hull; Roots and leaf	Mali; Niger	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat diarrhoea, cholera, tachycardia, pectoral pain.	Not identified	[12]
Gynandropsis gynandra Merr.	Not signalized	Leaves	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Celastraceae
Salacia leptoclada Tul.	Lemon rope	Root	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used as an aphrodisiac.	Not identified	[188]
Chenopodiaceae
Salsola somalensis N.E.Br.	Dingetegna	Roots	Ethiopia	Used as taenicide.	Nine new isoflavones, 5,3′-dihydroxy-6,7,2′-trimethoxy isoflavone, 5,8,3′-trihydroxy-7,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone, 8,3′-dihydroxy-5,7,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone, 5,6,3′-trihydroxy-7,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone, 6,7,3′ -trihydroxy-5,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone, 5,8,3′-trihydroxy -2′-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone, or 5,6,3′-trihydroxy-2′-methoxy-7,8-methylenedioxyisoflavone, 3′-hydroxy-5,6,7,2′-tetramethoxyisoflavone, 7,3′-dihydroxy -5,6,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone and 6,3′-dihydroxy-5,7,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone.	[425]
Clusiaceae
Psorospermum guineense Hochr.	Karidjakouma	Leaves	Mali	Antioxidant activity.; Used as diuretic and febrifuge.	Not identified
Combretaceae
Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels.	Girga	Stem-bark	Mali	Antioxidant properties.; Used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers.	Not identified	[329, 426]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea dumetorum Th.Dur.et Schinz	Cluster yam; African bitter yam; Trifoliate yam	Tubers	Nigeria; Tropical West Africa	Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities.; Used to treat diabetes.	Not identified	[152, 153, 427]
Ebenaceae
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White	Giant diospyros	Leaves, roots; Root-bark	Mali	Radical scavengers and lipoxygenase inhibitors.	Not identified	[357]
Euclea divinorum Hiern	Diamond-leaved euclea; Magic guarri	Roots	Ethiopia	Used to treat venereal diseases, chest pains, pneumonia, internal body pains, stomach-ache and diarrhea. Chewed roots ease toothache.	Flavonoids	[428]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha hispida Burm. f.	Chenille plant; Red-hot cattail	Leaves; Flowers	Nigeria	Used as anti-bacterial agent.	Gallic acid and Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside; The main anthocyanin is the known cyanidind 3-O-(2-O-galloylgalactose, but a minor pigment (5%) is the new cyanidin Cy 3-O-(2-O-galloyl-6-O-rhamnosylgalactoside	[228, 429]
A. wilkesiana; Müll. Arg.	Copper leaf	Leaves	Nigeria	Used to treat ailments of microbial origin	Gallic acid and Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside	[430]
Croton gratissimus Burch.	Lavender fever-berry	Bark	South Africa	Used as purgative for abdominal disorders, fever. The charred and powdered bark is used to treat bleeding gums	Flavonoids.	[188]
Euphorbia hirta L.	Kasandasanda; Ufu idire	Whole plant; Leaves	Ethiopia	Used to treat diarrhoea and asthma.	Flavonoid: quercitrin; Flavonol: Euphorbianin (3-(6′′′-Acetylglucosyl) (1→3)galactoside)	[12, 431–433]
Fabaceae
Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Wild.	Hook-thorn; Cat-thorn	Bark	South Africa	Used to treat diarrhoea and as emetics.	Proanthocyanidins: oritin-(4alpha→5)-epioritin-4beta-ol, ent-epioritin-(4alpha→5)-epioritin-4beta-ol and epioritin-(4beta→5)-epioritin-4alpha-ol and ent-oritin-(4beta→5)-epioritin-4alpha-ol.	[434–436]
A. galpinii Burtt Davy.	Monkey-thorn	Bark	South Africa	Used to treat diarrhoea.	Proanthocyanidins: oritin-(4alpha→5)-epioritin-4beta-ol, ent-epioritin-(4alpha→5)-epioritin-4beta-ol and epioritin-(4beta→5)-epioritin-4alpha-ol and ent-oritin-(4beta→5)-epioritin-4alpha-ol.	[434, 435]
Afzelia bella; Harms	Pretty Afzelia	Stem-bark	Ivory Coast	Used to treat skin diseases and cough.	An acylated dihydroflavonol glycoside identified as 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-6′′-(4′′-hydroxy-2′′-m ethylene flavonoids:butanoate), along with five known flavonoids and the lignan glycoside (+)-isolariciresinol 9-O-xyloside.	[437]
Bolusanthus speciosus; Harms	Tree Wisteria	Root; Stem-bark	South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia.	Used to treat abdominal pains, emetism and tuberculosis.	Three new flavonoids from the root: 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6-[1-hydroxy-2-methylbuten-2-yl]isoflavone (isogancaonin C), 7,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflav-3-ene (bolusanthin III), 6,6′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-2-arylbenzofuran (bolusanthin IV) in addition to eight known derrone, medicarpan, genistein, wighteone, lupiwighteone, gancaonin C, 7-hydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone and 7,3′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone flavonoids; 2R,3R-Aromadendrin 7-(6-[4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl]glucoside).; Two new isoflavonoids from the combined ethyl acetate/methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Bolusanthus speciosus have been established as 4,7,2′-trihydroxy-4′methoxyisoflavanol (1) and 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-5′-(2-epoxy-3-methylbutyl)isoflavanone (2). Five other known isoflavonoids, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-5′-γ, γ-dimethylallyisoflavanone, 5,7,2′trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-6,5′-di(γ, γ-dimethyla)isoflavanone, 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-8,5′-di(γ, γ-dimethylallyl)isoflavanone, 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-8,3′-di(γ, γ-dimethylallyl)-isoflavanone, and derrone.	[67, 358, 438]
Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey.	Lanceleaf rattlebox	Root	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat coughs.	Not identified	[188]
Derris trifoliata Lour.	Common derris	Root-bark.; Stem-bark. Seeds.	Kenya	Used for prevention of cancer.; Entire plant is used as stimulant, antispasmodic. Bark is used as an alternative in rheumatism.	An isoflavonoid derivative, named 7a-O-methyldeguelol, a modified rotenoid with an open ring-C, representing a new sub-class of isoflavonoids (the sub-class is here named as rotenoloid). In addition, the known rotenoids, rotenone, deguelin and alpha-toxicarol. In addition, two unusual rotenoid derivatives, a rotenoloid (named 7a-O-methyl-12a-hydroxydeguelol) and a spirohomooxarotenoid (named spiro-13-homo-13-oxaelliptone).; In addition a rare natural chromanone (6,7-dimethoxy-4-chromanone) and the known rotenoids rotenone, tephrosin and dehydrodeguelin were identified. Also one new rotenoid, 6-alpha,12-alpha-12a-hydroxyelliptone.	[438–441]
Entada africana Guill. & Perr.	Samanere	Leaves	Mali; Niger	Antioxidant properties.; Protective against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage.; Used to treat fever and various respiratory diseases.	Not identified	[329, 357, 442, 443]
Erythrina abyssinica Lam.	Red hot poker tree	Stem bark; Root bark	Kenya	Used to treat malaria.	New isoflav-3-ene [7,4′-dihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxyisoflav-3-ene] in addition to the known compounds erycristagallin, licoagrochalcone A, octacosyl ferulate and triacontyl 4-hydroxycinnamate were identified. A new chalcone, 2′,3,4,4′-tetrahydroxy-5-prenylchalcone (trivial name 5-prenylbutein) and a new flavanone, 4′,7-dihydroxy-3′-methoxy-5′-prenylflavanone (trivial name, 5-deoxyabyssinin II) along with known flavonoids	[444, 445]
E. burttii Baker f.	Not signalized	Stem-bark; Root-bark	Kenya	Used as antifungal and antibacterial agent.	Two new flavanones: 5,7-; dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-3′,5′-di-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)flavanone (trivial name, abyssinone V-4′-methyl ether) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-3′-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)favanone (trivial name, burttinone). A new isoflavone, 5,2′,4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavone (trivial name, 7-O-methylluteone) and a new flavanone, 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-3′-(3-methylbutadienyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)flavanone, 3 isoflavonoids (8-prenylluteone, 3-O-methylcalopocarpin and genistein); Three isoflav-3-enes, 7,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-6-(1′′,1′′-dimethylallyl)isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-A), 4′-hydroxy-2′-methoxy-2′′,2′′-dimethylpyrano[5′′,6′′:8,7]isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-B), 7,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-8-(3′′,3′′-dimethylallyl)isoflav-3-ene (trivial name, burttinol-C), and 2-arylbenzofuran, 6,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-5-(1′′,1′′-dimethylallyl)-2-arylbenzofuran (trivial name, burttinol-D).	[446–449]
E. eriotricha Harms.	Not signalized	Root-bark	Cameroon	Anti-microbial activity	A novel isoflavanone, named eriotrichin B, one new prenylated flavanone, named sigmoidin L, one flavanone (sigmoidin A), four isoflavones (scandenone, 6,8-diprenylgenistein), flemiphilippinin B and 8-prenyldaidzein	[450, 451]
E. sacleuxii Hua	Kinyarwanda	Bark	Kenya	Used to treat fever, malaria and leprosy.	Two new isoflavanones, (R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyisoflavanone (trivial name, (R)-2,3-dihydro-7-demethylrobustigenin) and (R)-5-hydroxy-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-2′′,2′′-dimethylpyrano[5′′,6′′:6,7]isoflavan one (trivial name, (R)-saclenone)	[452, 453]
Millettia ferruginea; (Hochst.) Baker	Birbira; Sotallo; Sari	Bark	Ethiopia	Used for skin disorders.	O-Geranylated and O-prenylated flavonoids, C-prenylated isoflavones; Geranylated and prenylated flavonoids	[199]
M. dura Dunn.	Runyankore Uumuyogoro	Stem-bark	Rwanda; Uganda	Used for blood parasitism	Flavonoids: A new isoflavone (7,3′-dimethoxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyisoflavone) and three known isoflavones [isoerythrinin A 4′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) ether, isojamaicin and nordurlettone].	[454, 455]
Ostryoderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Dunn ex Harms	Mnyinga	Leaves	Mali	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat painful menstruation, peritonitis, gastritis, colitis and gingivitis.	Not identified	[357]
Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst	Kalga	Leaves; Bark	Nigeria	High antioxidant activity.; Used to treat wounds, bronchitis, malaria, sterility (leaves) and diarrhoea and dysentery (bark).	Not identified	[240]
Sesbania pachycarpa DC.	Not signalized	Leaves	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Tephrosia polyphylla (Chiov.) J.B. Gillett	Hoary pea	Aerial part	Kenya		Flavonoids	[456]
T. deflexa Baker	Hoary pea	Aerial part	Senegal		Flavonoids: Rutin 1 – quercetine 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyrannosyl (1-6) glucopyrannose – and morin 2 – 3,5,7,2′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone.	[457]
T. albifoliolis; A.Nongonierma & T.Sarr	Hoary pea	Aerial part	Senegal		Flavonoids: Rutin 1 – quercetine 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyrannosyl (1-6) glucopyrannose – and morin 2 – 3,5,7,2′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone.	[457]
Taverniera abyssinica A.; Rich.	Dingetegna	Root	Ethiopia	Used to treat fever, discomfort and pain, stomach ache.	Four isoflavonoids	[290, 458, 459]
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia flavescens Willd.	Not signalized	Leaves	Mali	Antioxidant activity.	Not identified	[357]
Geraniaceae
Pelargonium reniforme Spreng.	Xhosa (Umckaloabo)	Root	Southern Africa	Used to treat liver disorders, laxative, purgative, cancer, and pulmonary disorders	Polyphenols: catechol (3′4′-dihydroxy) element in the B-ring, which possesses higher antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid.	[362, 460, 461]
Gunneraceae
Gunnera perpensa L.	River pumpkin; Ugobho	Root; Leaves and stem.	South Africa	Decreased lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence.; Used to treat wounds and psoriasis.	Not identified	[21, 462]
Irvingiaceae
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill.	Bush mango; Ono	Seeds	Nigeria; Cameroon	Antioxidant activity.; Used as laxative and for stomach and kidney pain. Shown to lower total cholesterol.	Not identified	[12, 313, 463]
Lamiaceae
Leonotis leonurus (L.)R.Br.	Wild dagga	Leaves	South Africa	Anti-inflammatory properties.; Used to treat headaches, dysentery, coughs and colds.	Not identified	[13]
Salvia stenophylla Burch. ex Benth.	Sage	Leaves	South Africa	Solvent extracts: antioxidant activity but poor anti-inflammatory properties.; Essential oils: anti-inflammatory activity but poor anti-oxidant activity.; Used against fever and digestive disorders.	Not identified	[360]
S. repens Burch.; ex Benth.	Not signalized	Leaves	South Africa	Solvent extracts: antioxidant activity but poor anti-inflammatory properties.; Essential oils: anti-inflammatory activity but poor anti-oxidant activity.; Used for fevers and digestive disorders.	Not identified	[360]
S. runcinata L.f.	Not signalized	Leaves	South Africa	Solvent extracts: antioxidant activity but poor anti-inflammatory properties.; Essential oils: anti-inflammatory activity but poor anti-oxidant activity.; Used against fever and digestive disorders.	Not identified	[360]
Loranthaceae
Tapinanthus globiferus Tiegh.	Not signalized	Leaves	Niger	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[11]
Malvacea
Adansonia digitata (L.)	English: baobab, Afrikaans: kremetart, Hausa: kuka, Sotho: seboi, Tswana: mowana, Tsonga: shimuwu, Venda: muvhuyu, Arabic: tabladi	Leaves, root, bark and fruits	All over Africa, but limited trees in Central Africa	Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts	L-ascorbic acid	[36, 464]
Mimosaceae
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	East Indian walnut, frywood, koko, lebbek, lebbek tree, rain tree, raom tree, silver raintree, siris rain tree, siris tree, soros-tree, woman’s tongue.	Leaves and bark	Egypt	Used to treat asthma and skin disorders (bark) and eye diseases and dysentery (leaves)	Two new tri-O-glycoside flavonols: kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-beta-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-beta- galactopyranosides	[465]
Moraceae
Dorstenia angusticornis Engl.	Not signalized	Twigs	Cameroon	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	Two novel diprenylated chalcones: 3,5′-di-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-4,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone, 3, 4-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-3′-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-2′,4′-dihydroxych alcone and the known stipulin.; 3-(2-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-5′-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-4,2′,4′-trihydroxy chalcone and the known compounds: gancaonin Q, paratocarpins C, F, and lupeol.	[67, 278]
D. dinklagei Engl.	Not signalized	Twigs	Cameroon	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	Three prenylated flavonoids, dinklagins A, B and C identified, respectively, as; (dinklagin B): (+)-5,4′,5′′ξ-Trihydroxy-6′′,6′′-dimethyldihydropyranol[2′′,3′′:7,6]flavone.; (dinklagin C): (+)-6-(2ξ-Hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone; (-)-6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-7-hydroxy-6′′′, 6′′′-dimethylchromeno-(4′,3′,2′′′,3′′′)-flavanone, (+)-5,4′,5′′ξ-trihydroxy-6′′,6′′-dimethylchromano-(7,6,2′′,3′′)-flavone and (+)6-(2ξ-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone.; 6-prenylapigenin, 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, stipulin and 5,4′-dihydroxy-6′′,6′′-dimethylchromano-(7,6,2′′,3′′)-flavone.	[67, 226]
D. elliptica Bur.	Not signalized	Twigs	Botswana	Used to treat eye infection.	Monoprenylated flavan	[466]
D. Kameruniana. Engl.	Not signalized	Leaves	Botswana	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	Two novel favonoids: 6,7-(2,2-dimethylchromano)-5,4′-dihydroxyfavone and 3,4-,4′,5′-bis-(2,2-dimethylchromano)-2′-hydroxychalcone together with the known 6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)apigenin and two chalcones (E)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[3-methylbut-2-enyl]phenyl]-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-prop-2-en-1-one and (E)1-[2,4-dihydroxy-5-[3-methylbut-2-enyl]phenyl]-3-[4-hydroxy-3-[3-methylbut-2-enyl]phenyl]-prop-2-en-1-one.	[467]
D. prorepens Engl.	Not signalized	Twigs	Botswana	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	Digeranylated chalcone, 5,3′-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-3,4, 2′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone.; 4-Hydroxylonchocarpin; Chalcone: 3,4,2′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-5,3′-digeranylchalcone	[67, 468]
D. poinsettiifolia Engl.	Not signalized	Twigs	Botswana	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	Grenylated and prenylated flavonoids. In addition, the flavone 5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-prenylflavone (licoflavone C), the chalcones 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-3′-prenylchalcone (isobavachalcone) and isobavachromene, the triterpene butyrospermol, and the carotenoid lutein.	[67, 206, 289]
D. zenkeri Engl.	Not signalized	Twigs	Botswana	Used for snakebite and to treat infection, rheumatism, headache, cough and stomach pain.	3′,4′-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyldihydropyrano)-4,2′-dihydroxychalcone and a bichalcone.; 4-Hydroxylonchocarpin.; p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, dorsmanin A, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone and 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-3′-prenylchalcone; Chalcones: 4,2′,5′′-Trihydroxy-6′′,6′′-dimethyldihydropyranol[2′′,3′′:4′,3′]chalcone	[67, 468]
Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera Lam.	Horse-radish tree; Drumstick; Moringo; Zakalanda	Root	West Africa; Zimbabwe	Anti-inflammatory activity.; Used as aphrodisiac and to treat asthma, gout and rheumatism.	Not identified	[469]
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Not signalized	Leaves	Egypt	Antioxidant activity	Not identified	[470]
Polygonaceae
Polygonum senegalense; Meisn.	Fotsimbarin’akoholahy	Leaves	Madagascar		Flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin and their glycosides such as dihydrochalcone glucoside and quercetin glycosides.	[413, 471]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Mekmeko	Leaves	N. Africa - Ethiopia	Anti-inflammatory properties; Used to treat itching, skin eczema and leprosy.	Flavonoids.	[337, 472]
R. nervosus Vahl.,	Alcgango; Dengogo	Leaves	Ethiopia	Anti-inflammatory properties.; Used to treat acne, wounds, eczema, typhus and as an ophthalmic antiseptic.	Not identified	[337]
Rubiaceae
Nauclea latifolia Smith	Pin Cushion Tree; Ìgíyàà	Leaves and root	Nigeria	Used as anthelmintic and to treat malaria, fever, stomachache and liver diseases.	Proanthocyanidins.	[12, 58, 473–475]
Solanaceae
Datura stramonium L.	Thorn-apple rwiziringa	Seeds	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat asthma, headaches and wounds.	Not identified	[188]
Tiliaceae
Grewia occidentalis L.	Cross-berry; Four-corner	Bark	South Africa	Antioxidant activity.; Used to treat bladder ailments, wounds, impotence and sterility, and to help in childbirth.	Not identified	[188]
Vahliaceae
Vahlia capensis (L.f) Thunb.	Vahlia of the Cape	Zimbabwe		Used to treat bacterial infections.	Kaempferol, quercetin, afzelin, astragalin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, gallic acid, chiro-inositol, dulcitol, and a novel biflavonoid, VC-15B (vahlia biflavone)	[475]
Vitaceae
Cyphostemma natalitium (Szyszl.) J.v. d. Merwe	Tick-berry bush	Root	South Africa	Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents with significant inhibition of COX-1	Not identified	[374]
Rhoicissus digitata Gilg. & Brandt	Wilde patatat	Roots, stems and leaves	South Africa	At high concentrations possessed some prooxidative properties. Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents with significant inhibition of COX-1.; Used to facilitate delivery.	Not identified	[364, 374]
R. rhomboidea; (E. Meyer ex Harvey) Planchon	Glossy forest grape	Roots, stems and leaves	South Africa; Mozambique	Radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activity, prevention of lipid peroxidation and damage to DNA and ability to chelate iron. Anti-inflammatory through inhibition of COX-1.	Not identified	[364, 374]
R. tomentosa (Lam.); Wild & R.B.Drum.	Wild grape Forest Grape, Monkey rope,	Roots, stems and leaves	South Africa	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.; Anti-inflammatory through inhibition of COX-1.; Used to facilitate delivery.	Not identified	[364, 374]
R. tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.	Bitter grape; Bushman’s grape; Isinwazi	Roots, stems and leaves	South Africa; : Venda	Radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activity, prevention of lipid peroxidation and damage to DNA and ability to chelate iron. Anti-inflammatory through inhibition of COX-1.; Used to treat colds, infertility and stomach ailments.	Not identified	[364, 374, 476]