Review Article

Genus Miliusa: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Table 3

Cytotoxic results of Miliusa components.

NoInhibitory concentrations (cell lines)References

Isolated compound

12IC 2.89 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 6.66 μg/mL (LU), IC 5.23 μg/mL (Hep-G2) and IC 2.30 μg/mL (KB)[37]

18-22Inactive (KB and Vero)[7]

33IC 26.5 μg/mL (KB), IC 32.7 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 5.8 μg/mL (NCI-H187) and IC 6.3 μg/mL (Vero)[32]

34IC 11.8 μg/mL (KB), IC > 50.0 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 6.1 μg/mL (NCI-H187) and IC 17.7 μg/mL (Vero)[32]

35IC 9.3 μg/mL (KB), IC 3.6 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 40.4 μg/mL (NCI-H187) and IC 39.1 μg/mL (Vero)[32]

36IC 11.9 μg/mL (KB), IC 23.2 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 6.1 μg/mL (NCI-H187) and IC 16.1 μg/mL (Vero)[32]

37IC 17.9 μg/mL (KB), IC 26.4 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 6.2 μg/mL (NCI-H187) and IC 5.8 μg/mL (Vero)[32]

38IC > 50.0 μg/mL (KB, MCF-7, NCI-H187, Vero)[32]

39IC > 50.0 μg/mL (KB, MCF-7, NCI-H187, Vero)[32]

40IC 1.18 μg/mL (KB), IC 2.02 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 1.56 μg/mL (Col2), IC 3.18 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 3.58 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 2.89 μg/mL (HUVEC), IC 0.32 μg/mL (HL60), IC 2.70 ± 0.09 μM (HCT116), IC 1.67 ± 0.11 μM (A375) and IC 6.97 ± 0.16 μM (A549)[13, 14]

41IC 1.40 μg/mL (KB), IC 2.86 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 2.92 μg/mL (Col2), IC 5.06 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 2.23 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 1.79 μg/mL (HUVEC), IC 0.45 μg/mL (HL60), IC 3.50 ± 0.02 μM (HCT116), IC 3.70 ± 0.11 μM (A375) and IC 4.36 ± 0.40 μM (A549)[13, 14]

42IC 5.45 μg/mL (KB), IC 5.80 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 9.40 μg/mL (Col2), IC 19.64 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 21.34 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 6.55 μg/mL (HUVEC), IC 1.73 μg/mL (HL60), IC 17.2 ± 1.86 μM (HCT116), IC 9.86 ± 0.19 μM (A375) and IC 18.4 ± 0.35 μM (A549)[13, 14]

43IC 1.18 μg/mL (KB), IC 4.84 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 4.29 μg/mL (Col2), IC 5.06 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 2.61 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 0.56 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

44IC 32.17 μg/mL (KB), IC 60.43 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 38.45 μg/mL (Col2), IC > 62.0 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 15.78 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 18.66 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

45IC > 55.0 μg/mL (KB, Lu1, Col2, LNCaP and MCF-7) and IC 52.29 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

46IC 3.97 μg/mL (KB), IC 6.61 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 4.23 μg/mL (Col2), IC 5.29 μg/mL (LNCaP) and IC 4.76 μg/mL (MCF-7)[14]

47IC 5.82 μg/mL (KB), IC 6.16 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 3.70 μg/mL (Col2), IC 5.82 μg/mL (LNCaP) and IC 6.08 μg/mL (MCF-7)[14]

48IC 47.35 μg/mL (KB), IC 63.58 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 33.44 μg/mL (Col2), IC 43.38 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 26.42 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC > 10.9 μg/mL (HUVEC)[14]

49IC > 57.4 μg/mL (KB, Lu1, LNCaP), IC 46.01 μg/mL (Col2), IC 52.56 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 13.3 ± 0.62 μM (HCT116), IC 7.24 ± 0.81 μM (A375) and IC 18.3 ± 2.54 μM (A549)[13, 14]

50/51IC 5.22 μg/mL (KB), IC 21.44 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 8.03 μg/mL (Col2), IC 29.56 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 5.03 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 3.28 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

52/53IC 54.97 μg/mL (KB), IC 9.31 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 13.43 μg/mL (Col2), IC 51.82 μg/mL (LNCaP) and IC 12.18 μg/mL (MCF-7)[14]

54/55IC 5.28 μg/mL (KB), IC 7.46 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 5.36 μg/mL (Col2), IC 27.62 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 10.06 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 3.30 ± 0.06 μM (HCT116), IC 3.38 ± 0.09 μM (A375) and IC 10.4 ± 0.32 μM (A549)[13, 14]

56IC 6.11 μg/mL (KB), IC 19.94 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 3.89 μg/mL (Col2), IC 6.11 μg/mL (LNCaP) and IC 6.39 μg/mL (MCF-7)[14]

57IC 6.71 μg/mL (KB), IC 14.94 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 9.48 μg/mL (Col2), IC 23.95 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 10.99 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 4.20 ± 0.30 μM (HCT116), IC 4.25 ± 0.05 μM (A375) and IC 20.8 ± 1.24 μM (A549)[13, 14]

58IC 3.07 μg/mL (KB), IC 1.82 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 2.26 μg/mL (Col2), IC 2.41 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 3.01 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 0.63 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

59IC 2.61 μg/mL (KB), IC 1.82 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 2.01 μg/mL (Col2), IC 1.73 μg/mL (LNCaP) and IC 2.26 μg/mL (MCF-7)[14]

60IC > 59.0 μg/mL (KB, Lu1, Col2, LNCaP and MCF-7) and IC 57.01 μg/mL (HL60)[14]

61IC > 65.0 μg/mL (HCT116, A375, A549)[13]

62/63IC 9.80 ± 0.51 μM (HCT116), IC 6.96 ± 0.23 μM (A375) and IC 24.3 ± 1.42 μM (A549)[13]

64/65IC > 52.9 μM (HCT116, A375 and A549)[13]

66/67IC > 55.0 μM (HCT116, A375 and A549)[13]

68IC 4.10 ± 0.13 μM (HCT116), IC 3.60 ± 0.33 μM (A375) and IC 7.15 ± 0.18 μM (A549)[13]

69IC > 57.5 μM (HCT116, A375 and A549)[13]

70IC 13.0 ± 0.17 μM (HCT116), IC 10.4 ± 0.66 μM (A375) and IC 24.5 ± 1.56 μM (A549)[13]

71IC 18.3 ± 0.59 μM (HCT116), IC 11.6 ± 1.45 μM (A375) and IC 18.0 ± 2.80 μM (A549)[13]

72IC 10.2 ± 0.1 μM (KB), IC 13.5 ± 0.5 μM (Vero), IC 2.00 ± 0.16 μM (HCT116), IC 1.50 ± 0.15 μM (A375), IC 2.45 ± 0.24 μM (A549), IC 1.18 μg/mL (KB), IC 1.64 μg/mL (Lu1), IC 1.35 μg/mL (Col2), IC 1.78 μg/mL (LNCaP), IC 3.09 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 1.32 μg/mL (HUVEC) and IC 0.66 μg/mL (HL60)[7]; [13], [14]

75ED 3.6 μg/mL (P-388), ED 0.76 μg/mL (Col2), ED 0.68 μg/mL (MCF-7)
ED 16.08 μg/mL (ASK), ED 2.81 μg/mL (Hek293) and Inactive (KB, Lu-1 and T24)
[36]

76IC 4.6 μg/mL (KB), IC 0.93 μg/mL (Hep-G2) and IC > 5.0 μg/mL (RD)[35]

77IC 4.3 μg/mL (KB), IC 0.57 μg/mL (Hep-G2) and IC 2.09 μg/mL (RD)[35]

79 and 107IC > 128.0 μg/mL (MCF-7, LU, Hep-G2 and KB)[37]

83 and 87Inactive (KB and Vero)[7]

94> 5.0 μg/mL (KB and RD) and 1.5 μg/mL (Hep-G2)[35]

95IC 0.7 μg/mL (KB), IC 0.55 μg/mL (Hep-G2) and IC 3.01 μg/mL (RD)[35]

116Inactive (KB, MCF-7 and NCI-H187)[9]

119Inactive (KB and Vero)[7]

123IC 137.4 μM (KB), IC 169.1 μM (MCF-7) and IC 94.7 μM (NCI-H178)[10]

124IC 20.0 μg/mL (KB), IC 21.0 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 17.1 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

125IC 17.9 μg/mL (KB), IC 28.4 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 15.9 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

130IC 18.4 μg/mL (KB), IC 22.6 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 20.6 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

131IC 12.9 μg/mL (KB), IC 45.6 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 16.7 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

134IC 31.4 μM (KB), IC 56.2 μM (MCF-7) and IC 61.3 μM (NCI-H178)[10]

139IC 23.8 μg/mL (KB), IC 24.4 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 16.7 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

140IC 27.2 μM (KB), IC 71.9 μM (MCF-7) and IC 95.3 μM (NCI-H178)[10]

141IC 95.9 μM (KB), IC 142.7 μM (MCF-7) and IC 115.9 μM (NCI-H178)[10]

143IC 14.4 μg/mL (KB), IC 13.0 μg/mL (MCF-7) and IC 12.7 μg/mL (NCI-H178)[9]

145LD 7.1 μg/mL[5]

146LD 14.1 μg/mL[5]

147IC 99.0 μM (KB), Inactive (MCF7) and IC 48.9 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

148IC 67.4 μM (KB), IC 93.7 μM (MCF-7) and IC 60.7 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

149IC 57.2 μM (KB), IC 84.8 μM (MCF-7) and IC 66.3 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

150IC 79.8 μM (KB), IC 126.3 μM (MCF7) and IC 61.1 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

151IC 45.2 μM (KB), IC 16.6 μM (MCF-7) and IC 70.2 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

152IC 33.9 μM (KB), IC 67.3 μM (MCF7) and IC 27.0 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

153IC 112.6 μM (KB), Inactive (MCF-7) and IC 66.7 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

154IC 59.9 μM (KB), IC 92.0 μM (MCF7) and IC 28.6 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

155IC 43.3 μM (KB), IC 129.7 μM (MCF-7) and IC 32.3 μM (NCI-H187)[40]

158LD 20.0 μg/mL[5]

161IC 4.0 μM (KB), IC 4.8 μM (MCF-7), IC 4.2 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 5.8 μM (Vero)[38]

162IC 9.6 μM (KB), IC 12.9 μM (MCF-7), IC 6.5 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 8.8 μM (Vero)[38]

163IC 12.9 μM (KB), IC 10.9 μM (MCF-7), IC 11.4 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 10.3 μM (Vero)[38]

164IC 10.5 μM (KB), IC 15.2 μM (MCF-7), IC 8.7 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 11.7 μM (Vero)[38]

166IC 14.5 μM (KB), IC 20.7 μM (MCF-7), IC 11.5 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 11.2 μM (Vero)[38]

167IC 24.1 μM (KB), IC 21.0 μM (MCF-7), IC 14.7 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 17.9 μM (Vero)[38]

168IC10.5 μM (KB), IC 11.9 μM (MCF-7), IC 6.8 μM (NCI-H187) and IC 18.2 μM (Vero)[38]

174-176Inactive (KB, MCF-7, NCI-H187 and Vero)[38]

201-203Inactive (KB and Vero)[7]

Plant extracts

n-Hexane extract of M. sinensisIC 86.6 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 78.33 μg/mL (LU), IC 36.72 μg/mL (Hep-G2) and IC 82.04 μg/mL (KB)[37]

Ethyl acetate extract of M. sinensisIC 72.52 μg/mL (MCF-7), IC 75.09 μg/mL (LU), IC 42.50 μg/mL (Hep-G2)
And IC 59.13 μg/mL (KB)
[37]

n-Butanol extract of M. sinensisIC > 128.0 μg/mL (MCF-7 and KB)[37]

n-Hexane extract of M. smithiaeED 9.07 μg/mL (P-388), ED 12.0 μg/mL (KB), ED 8.53 μg/mL (Col2), ED 1.16 μg/mL (MCF-7), ED 11.98 μg/mL (Lu1), ED 13.31 μg/mL (T24), ED 11.6 μg/mL (ASK) and ED 6.74 μg/mL (Hek293)[36]

Ethyl acetate extract of M. smithiaeED 2.07 μg/mL (P-388), ED 5.45 μg/mL (KB), ED 1.98 μg/mL (Col2), ED 0.3 μg/mL (MCF-7), ED 5.85 μg/mL (Lu1), ED 3.29 μg/mL (T24), ED 3.83 μg/mL (ASK) and ED < 4.0 μg/mL (Hek293)[36]

Methanol and acetone extracts of M. smithiaeInactive (P-388, KB, Col2, MCF-7, Lu1, T24, ASK and Hek293)[36]

results derived from different models.