|
Antimicrobial agents | Combinations | Mechanisms | Ref |
|
Antibiotics | Aminoglycosides | Inhibiting protein synthesis | [9, 163] |
Glycopeptides | Interfering with the construction of the cell wall |
Penicillins | Interfering with the construction of the cell wall |
Quinolones | Preventing DNA replication and transcription |
Rifamycins | Inhibiting transcription |
Tetracyclines | Inhibiting protein synthesis |
Actinobolin | Obstructing protein synthesis |
|
AMEs | Lysozyme | Catalyzing glycosidic bond hydrolysis in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans | [9, 164, 165] |
Acylase | Quorum-quenching |
|
AMPs | Natural | Pore construction in membrane | [19, 166] |
Inhibition of metabolism |
Synthetic AMPs | Pore construction in membrane |
Inhibition of metabolism |
|
Cationic compounds | Chitosan | Disruption of cell membrane | [9, 167] |
Chlorhexidine | Disruption of cell walls |
Poly(ε-lysine) | Destroying the outer membrane |
QACs | Interference with enzymes |
|
Metal and metal oxides | Ag nanoparticles | Making oxidative stresses | [168–170] |
Disabling enzymes of bacteria |
Affecting the permeability of the cell membranes |
Cu nanoparticles | ROS construction |
Lipid peroxidation in membranes |
TiO2 nanoparticles | ROS construction Disrupting phosphorylation |
ZnO nanoparticles | Making ROS |
Making membrane more permeable |
|
Other noncationic compounds | Nitric oxide givers | Making nitrosative stresses Making oxidative stresses | [9, 13, 171] |
Disruption in signaling |
Triclosan | Disrupting synthesis of fatty acid |
|
Natural materials | Tea | Disruption of membrane | [26, 172, 173] |
Inhibiting salivary amylase activity |
Propolis | Interaction with bacterial membrane |
Cranberry | Inhibition of biofilm formation |
|
Amino acids | Arginine | Keeping a well dental biofilm | [70, 118, 157, 174–177] |
|
Antioxidants | Antioxidants | Disrupting proteins, decreasing bacterial EPS | [178] |
|