Undergraduates' Criteria to Justify Claims Proposed after Laboratory Experiments

Table 1

Possible criteria undergraduates adopt to justify their claims proposed after laboratory experiment.

Criteria	Grounds^a	Standards^b
Empirical consistency	Empirical evidence^c	Evidence should logically cohere with claims
Plausibility of claims	Prior knowledge, beliefs, or values	Claims should coherently relate to personal prior knowledge, beliefs, or values
Observation reliability	Observation process	Observation process should be reliable

^aGrounds: the events or concepts used to justify a claim
^bStandards: standards to judge the adequacy of a claim
^cEmpirical evidence: the data or information obtained from experiments, visual observation, or personal experiences.