| | Model | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) | Coeff. (T-ratio) |
| | Fixed effects |
| | Intercept | 464.67 (56.83)*** | 501.22 (14.84)*** | 441.95 (12.22)*** | 261.14 (7.48)*** | | Student level (level 1) | | | | | | Migrant | −19.32 (−7.46)*** | −19.37 (−7.46)*** | −18.57 (−7.06)*** | −13.49 (−5.96)*** | | Female | | | | −16.99 (−70.32)*** | | HISEI | | | | 0.54 (61.90)*** | | Age | | | | 8.92 (21.65)*** | | No. of books at home
(a): | | | | | | 11–25 | | | | 8.12 (17.56)*** | | 26–100 | | | | 24.18 (63.83)*** | | 101–200 | | | | 35.08 (75.79)*** | | 201–500 | | | | 49.95 (98.96)*** | | >500 | | | | 48.96 (77.83)*** |
| | School level (level 2) | | | | | | School type
(b) | | | | | | Private school (indep.) | 39.91 (6.90)*** | 18.22 (0.59) | 11.91 (0.49) | 9.73 (0.42) | | Private school (gov. depend.) | 11.81 (1.99)* | 4.90 (0.14) | −30.86 (−1.25) | −28.42 (−1.20) | | Prop. girls | | | 11.65 (5.05)*** | 23.17 (10.71)*** | | Prop. migrants | | | −25.72 (−9.87)*** | −23.05 (−9.44)*** | | Prop. parents with tertiary edu. | | | 157.67 (63.42)*** | 118.60 (50.12)*** | | Prop. certified teachers | | | 2.29 (1.47) | 2.18 (1.50) | | School size | | | 0.01 (15.56)*** | 0.01 (15.23)*** | | Student-teacher ratio | | | −0.08 (−1.28) | −0.08 (−1.31) | | Community size
(c): | | | | | | 3,000–15,000 | | | 3.02 (2.02)* | 1.92 (1.38) | | 15,000–100,000 | | | 3.24 (2.18)* | 1.47 (1.06) | | 100,000–1,000,000 | | | 0.43 (0.27) | −1.76 (−1.19) | | >1,000,000 | | | 2.69 (1.39) | 0.11 (0.06) |
| | Country level (level 3) | | | | | | Gini-Index (2005) | | −1.72 (−2.06)* | −1.74 (−1.95) | −1.49 (−1.77) | | GNP per capita (2005) | | 0.00 (2.83)** | 0.00 (2.99)** | 0.00 (2.96)** |
| | Cross-level effects | | | | | | Gini*priv. school (indep.) | | 0.98 (1.40) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.06 (0.11) | | Gini*priv. school (gov. dep.) | | 0.57 (0.73) | 0.98 (1.76) | 0.84 (1.57) | | GNP*priv. school (indep.) | | −0.00 (−1.52) | −0.00 (−2.18)* | −0.00 (−2.21)* | | GNP*priv. school (gov. dep.) | | −0.00 (−1.17) | −0.00 (−0.44) | −0.00 (−0.26) | | Priv. school (indep.)*migrant | 11.34 (3.22)** | 11.20 (3.18)** | 10.23 (2.54)* | 8.55 (2.26)* | | Priv. school (gov. dep.)*migrant | 8.79 (2.52)* | 7.42 (2.29)* | 6.77 (2.01)* | 4.44 (1.40) |
| | Random effects |
| | δ (error variance level 1) | 4915 | 4916 | 4918 | 4557 | | ε (error variance level 2) | 3008 | 3009 | 2000 | 1719 | | γ (error variance level 3) | 3767 | 2527 | 2642 | 2288 |
| | Deviance (no. of estimated parameters) | 4,562,423 (31) | 4,562,406 (37) | 4,557,370 (47) | 4,526,061 (55) | | 398,750 | 398,750 | 398,750 | 398,750 | | 14,365 | 14,365 | 14,365 | 14,365 | | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 |
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