Research Article

Changes in and Effects of Anxiety on English Test Performance in Chinese Postgraduate EFL Classrooms

Table 1

Loadings of principal components of ELCAS (phases 1/2) (N = 324).

ELCAS itemsFactor 1Factor 2Factor 3Factor 4Factor 5

11. I never feel quite sure of myself when I am speaking English in my class0.660/0.6390.006/−0.027−0.275/−0.159−0.226/0.201−0.053/0.333
12. I do not worry about making mistakes in the English class0.568/−0.482−0.004/−0.0450.394/0.475−0.050/0.1480.189/0.201
13. I tremble when I know that I’m going to be called on in the English class0.712/0.681−0.239/0.201−0.025/0.013−0.112/−0.159−0.214/0.037
14. It frightens me when I do not understand what the teacher is saying in English0.646/0.635−0.191/0.2700.129/0.147−0.022/−0.184−0.146/0.145
15. It would not bother me at all to take more foreign language classes0.476/−0.3750.386/0.240−0.261/0.5530.093/−0.059−0.031/0.074
16. During my English class, I find myself thinking about things that have nothing to do with the course0.337/0.3640.100/0.2190.430/0.5160.114/−0.347−0.237/0.262
17. I keep thinking that the other students are better at English than I am0.714/0.6680.315/−0.104−0.040/−0.0630.369/0.407−0.064/0.168
18. I am usually at ease during English tests in my class0.631/−0.4330.179/0.038−0.295/0.344−0.077/0.3050.026/0.238
19. I start to panic when I have to speak without preparation in the English class0.691/0.753−0.239/0.190−0.189/−0.063−0.102/−0.022−0.148/0.139
20. I worry about the consequences of failing my English class0.554/0.5490.197/0.1390.080/0.030−0.227/0.421−0.403/−0.022
21. I do not understand why some people get so upset over English classes0.557/−0.3780.246/0.179−0.283/0.3940.294/0.130−0.321/0.391
22. In the English class, I can get so nervous I forget things I know0.665/0.6900.111/0.1030.171/0.179−0.112/−0.037−0.235/−0.021
23. It embarrasses me to volunteer answers in my English class0.716/0.705−0.234/0.181−0.011/0.0830.000/−0.005−0.055/0.210
24. I would not be nervous speaking English with native speakers0.541/0.451−0.245/−0.164−0.324/0.4720.167/0.0060.131/−0.090
25. I get upset when I do not understand what the teacher is correcting0.569/0.572−0.090/0.3350.175/0.1800.295/0.005−0.100/0.322
26. Even if I am well prepared for the English class, I feel anxious about it0.674/0.6690.100/0.0940.153/0.235−0.005/−0.0810.099/0.202
27. I often feel like not going to my English class0.548/0.5530.213/0.2710.213/0.2870.267/−0.348−0.188/−0.020
28. I feel confident when I speak English in class0.677/0.5880.094/0.046−0.310/0.479−0.018/0.0680.128/−0.043
29. I am afraid that my English teacher is ready to correct every mistake I make0.577/0.553−0.108/−0.0620.263/0.3820.265/−0.1900.162/−0.150
30. I can feel my heart pounding when I’m going to be called on in the English class0.694/0.680−0.387/0.255−0.047/0.018−0.124/−0.002−0.013/−0.187
31. The more I study for an English test, the more confused I get0.545/0.5510.245/−0.4550.434/0.317−0.086/0.0670.182/0.013
32. I do not feel pressure to prepare very well for the English class0.505/−0.4030.467/0.384−0.117/0.405−0.075/0.0830.369/−0.346
33. I always feel that the other students speak English better than I do00.713/0.6940.206/−0.1290.013/−0.1030.380/0.4360.017/0.060
34. I feel very self-conscious about speaking English in front of other students0.796/0.837−0.124/0.040−0.017/0.049−0.128/0.0480.013/−0.040
35. The English class moves so quickly I worry about getting left behind0.677/0.7000.185/0.1050.225/0.3170.051/−0.077−0.011/−0.103
36. I feel more tense and nervous in my English class than in my other classes0.765/0.7560.126/0.007−0.043/0.0900.044/−0.143−0.043/−0.270
37. I get nervous and confused when I am speaking English in class0.824/0.813−0.052/0.0320.037/0.0060.082/−0.0510.029/−0.181
38. When I’m on my way to the English class, I feel very sure and relaxed0.672/−0.5270.287/0.115−0.225/0.3440.187/0.222−0.017/−0.202
39. I get nervous when I do not understand every word the English teacher says0.614/0.619−0.108/0.1690.238/0.2660.115/0.061−0.019/−0.110
40. I feel overwhelmed by the number of rules I have to learn to speak English0.641/0.6230.100/−0.4360.440/0.1690.048/0.1180.114/−0.098
41. I am afraid that the other students will laugh at me when I speak English0.718/0.723−0.109/−0.1020.154/0.0950.030/−0.0160.200/−0.069
42. I would probably feel comfortable around native speakers of English0.509/0.285−0.025/−0.038−0.405/0.5160.431/0.3320.118/−0.276
43. I get nervous when the English teacher asks questions which I have not prepared in advance0.738/0.745−0.298/0.302−0.034/−0.0490.092/0.1270.019/−0.206
44. I get tense and nervous when talking to a person whose sex is opposite to mine0.489/0.639−0.214/0.0650.178/0.097−0.217/−0.0380.374/−0.078
45. I get tense and nervous when I have to discuss things unfamiliar to me in English0.691/0.666−0.266/0.230−0.152/−0.121−0.037/0.3120.044/−0.135
46. I feel overwhelmed by the number of words I have to learn to speak English0.524/0.6590.208/−0.2430.302/0.0880.135/0.1220.210/0.004