Fostering Learners’ Perceived Presence and High-Level Learning Outcomes in Online Learning Environments

Table 5

Descriptive statistics of coded messages for each presence types in the experimental group and control group conditions.

	Categories of cognitive presence										Categories of social presence								Categories of teaching presence
	Triggering event		Exploration		Integration		Resolution		Total		Expressing emotion		Open relationship		Group coherence		Total		Planning and organizing		Facilitating of dialogues		Directing teaching		Total
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Experiment	38	9	206	51	119	29	44	11	407	100	42	16	75	29	145	55	262	100	39	16	117	47	94	37	250	100
Control	21	4	181	58	97	31	14	4	313	100	36	20	65	37	77	43	178	100	19	11	105	59	54	30	178	100