Grand Challenges as Educational Innovations in Higher Education: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Table 4

Grand challenge course assessments.

First author (year)	Active discussions	Design thinking projects	Essays or reports	Infographics	Learning portfolio	Oral exams	Peer evaluation	Posters	Presentations	Pre-post tests	Reflections
Apelian (2015) [26]	x	x	x					x	x
Becerik-Gerber (2018) [27]		x
Berger (2013) [28]	x								x	x	x
Bernal (2013)		x				x	x		x
Brewer (1993) [29]	x	x							x
Cohen (2010) [30]		x							x
Dean (2017) [31]		x						x
Flammia (2011) [32]		x
Fomich (2018) [33]		x	x						x
Forbes (2018) [34]	x			x					x
Fortner (2016) [20]			x
Fortuin (2013) [35]		x	x								x
Gama (2018) [36]		x
Gardner (2010) [37]			x					x	x
Gillet (2019) [38]		x		x
Gosselin (2016) [39]		x	x
Griffin (2011) [40]		x	x				x		x		x
Grose (2014) [21]		x	x						x		x
Hagfeldt (2019) [41]		x							x
Hasan (2017) [42]		x
Hecht (2014) [23]		x
Heinricher (2008) [22]	x	x	x						x
Holzer (2016) [43]		x	x					x	x		x
Jahan (2019) [44]	x	x							x
Johannes (1996) [45]		x
Jonker (2019) [46]		x			x
Judge (2020) [47]		x							x
Kienzler (2017) [24]			x	x				x	x
Kim (2018) [48]	x	x					x		x		x
Knudson (2011) [49]		x							x
Leon (2015) [50]	x		x						x
Lim (2016) [51]		x							x
Nagarajan (2019) [52]		x
Nicholas (2019) [53]		x							x
Nitkin (2016) [54]		x							x
Nurius (2017) [55]		x
Piens (2015) [56]		x
Radberg (2018) [57]		x
Reichmanis (2017) [58]		x
Richards-Kortum (2012) [59]		x							x
Rodríguez (2019) [60]		x
Sienko (2013) [61]	x	x
Tandon (2017) [25]		x							x
Telenko (2016) [62]		x
Trowbridge (2018) [63]		x			x						x
Udugama (2018) [64]		x
White (2018) [65]	x										x
White (2017) [66]	x		x						x
White (2014) [67]		x
Wilson (2019) [68]		x							x
Wobbe (2010) [69]		x
Wyrick (2016) [70]		x
Zou (2015) [12]		x
Zuin (2019) [71]		x
Total	11	48	13	3	2	1	3	5	26	1	8