The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 2

Results of Shapiro-Wilk test of normality.

Tests/groups	HPBL			PPBL			CG
	Shapiro-Wilk			Shapiro-Wilk			Shapiro-Wilk
	Statistic	df	Sig.	Statistic	df	Sig.	Statistic	df	Sig.
Writing pretest	0.90	18	0.08	0.91	20	0.16	0.98	22	0.94
Writing posttest	0.95	18	0.49	0.90	20	0.09	0.96	22	0.38
Speaking pretest	0.91	18	0.14	0.93	20	0.22	0.96	22	0.49
Speaking posttest	0.95	18	0.32	0.90	20	0.10	0.96	22	0.36
Self-confidence pretest	0.94	18	0.31	0.95	20	0.44	0.95	22	0.32
Self-confidence posttest	0.93	18	0.26	0.94	20	0.38	0.96	22	0.41
Critical thinking pretest	0.91	18	0.16	0.95	20	0.51	0.94	22	0.15
Critical thinking posttest	0.93	18	0.241	0.90	20	0.11	0.95	22	0.12