The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application

Table 3

Descriptive statistics comparing the pretest and posttest scores of the HPBL learners.

Tests	N	Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Writing pretest	18	5.22	1.16	−0.48	−0.19
Writing posttest	18	6.61	1.41	−0.60	−0.86
Speaking pretest	18	5.38	1.24	−0.64	−0.32
Speaking posttest	18	6.50	1.15	−0.65	−0.25