A Systematic Review on Pedagogical Trends and Assessment Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives

Table 6

Percentage of each challenge of online learning and their groups based on 50th quartile.

Challenges	Observation (in number)	% (of N = 45)		% (of n = 18)		Group
Course integration with technology	11	0.244	24	0.393	39	Higher
Internet issues	11	0.244	24	0.393	39
Lack of interaction	6	0.133	13	0.214	21
Lack of technical infrastructure	9	0.200	20	0.321	32
Lack of devices	4	0.089	9	0.143	14
Lack of training	4	0.089	9	0.143	14
Lack of motivation	4	0.089	9	0.143	14
External distraction	3	0.067	7	0.107	11
Lack of time management	3	0.067	7	0.107	11
Lack of online teaching knowledge	3	0.067	7	0.107	11
Increase workload	2	0.044	4	0.071	7
Lack of organizational preparedness	2	0.044	4	0.071	7
Limited communication	2	0.044	4	0.071	7
Not having equal chance of learning	2	0.044	4	0.071	7
Confusing messages	1	0.022	2	0.036	4	Lower
Difficult to manage class schedule	1	0.022	2	0.036	4
Expensive	1	0.022	2	0.036	4
Eye straining	1	0.022	2	0.036	4