|
| Attitudes and related items | Application | Mean | SD | | value | |
|
| I believe that I can write an argumentative composition. | Before | 2.09 | 1.446 | 0.37 | −02.339 | 24 |
| After | 2.43 | 1.181 |
|
| I believe that I do not have sufficient ideas to write a descriptive composition. | Before | 2.15 | 1.484 | 0.44 | −04.203 | 24 |
| After | 2.96 | 1.021 |
|
| I believe that I cannot use abstract nouns, such as ‘consideration’ and ‘belief,’ in a composition. | Before | 2.22 | 1.331 | 0.36 | −04.293 | 24 |
| After | 2.94 | 1.081 |
|
| I feel that using action verbs in a composition needs long-term practice. | Before | 2.12 | 0.919 | 0.32 | −04.150 | 24 |
| After | 2.58 | 0.349 |
|
| I believe that learning to write compositions via cluster diagrams is time-consuming. | Before | 2.12 | 2.224 | 0.39 | −04.621 | 24 |
| After | 2.58 | 1.082 |
|
| I feel bored when learning English writing skills. | Before | 2.13 | 1.446 | 0.33 | −02.339 | 24 |
| After | 2.97 | 1.102 |
|
| I believe that generating different ideas about a specific topic is easy. | Before | 2.19 | 1.586 | 0.43 | −04.203 | 24 |
| After | 2.37 | 1.122 |
|
| I do not use temporal connectives (first, second, etc.) in a composition. | Before | 1.74 | 1.732 | 0.32 | −04.293 | 24 |
| After | 2.39 | 1.129 |
|
| I believe that I can achieve coherence without the use of story-mapping, which helps to connect the ideas at the initial level. | Before | 0.021 | 1.521 | 0.37 | | |
| After | 1.09 | 1.109 | −04.150 | 24 |
|
| I believe that writing the ideas using a mapping style helps to organize the paragraphs. | Before | 2.14 | 1.446 | 0.34 | −02.339 | 24 |
| After | 3.13 | 0.902 |
|
| I believe that using story-mapping can help to achieve coherence (including developing and supporting the argument) in a composition. | Before | 2.16 | 1.384 | 0.41 | −04.203 | 24 |
| After | 2.34 | 1.092 |
|
| I believe that treating the compositional subject as a problem that needs solutions, suggestions, and recommendations helps to develop writing skills. | Before | 2.45 | 1.331 | 0.37 | −04.293 | 24 |
| After | 3.05 | 0.921 |
|
| I believe that writing a composition requires the learning of idea-generation, problem-solving strategies, and grammatical and lexical cohesion. | Before | 2.34 | 1.418 | 0.37 | −04.150 | 24 |
| After | 3. 27 | 0.958 |
|
| I feel that writing a persuasive composition is easy. | Before | 2.46 | 1.421 | 0.37 | −04.150 | 24 |
| After | 3.10 | 0.351 |
|
| I believe that I need an atmosphere that motivates writing. | Before | 1.92 | 1.223 | 0.36 | −04.621 | 24 |
| After | 2.91 | 1.092 |
|
| Overall | Before | 2.57 | 1.206 | 0.32 | −02.179 | 24 |
| After | 3.16 | 0.089 |
|
