The Effect of GeoGebra on Students’ Abilities to Study Calculus

Table 8

Overall one-way analysis of variance summary table comparing groups’ proficiency in differential calculus before treatment.

Understanding		Sum of squares	Df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Pretest conceptual	Between groups	97.778	1	97.778	2.017	0.160
	Within groups	3102.222	64	48.472
	Total	3200.000	65
Pretest procedural	Between groups	72.929	1	72.929	2.113	0.151
	Within groups	2208.889	64	34.514
	Total	2281.818	65