Psychological Factors Affecting Language-Learning Process in Saudi Arabia: The Effect of Technology-Based Education on High School Students’ Motivation, Anxiety, and Attitude through Flipped Learning

Table 5

Paired samples t-test (motivation pre and posttests of both groups).

		Paired differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. deviation	Std. error mean	95% confidence interval of the difference
					Lower	Upper
Pair 1	Traditional	−3.58	7.44	1.38	−6.41	−0.75	−2.59	28	0.01
Pair 2	Flipped	−53.82	23.45	4.35	−62.74	−44.90	−12.36	28	0.00