A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) using Ocean Plastic Microbes as a Framework that Is Impactful for Both In-Person and Online Course Modalities

Table 5

MANOVA analysis of survey scores comparing the three groups of majors.

Test	Value	Exact F	NumDF	DenDF	Prob > F	Partial η^2
All between	0.2625633	8.2422	23	722	<0.0001	0.2079604
Modality	0.0091197	6.5844	1	722	0.0105	0.0090373
Theme	0.0386692	9.3064	3	722	<0.0001	0.0372296
Major	0.0246105	8.8844	2	722	0.0002	0.0240194
All within	0.0948256	2.9767	23	722	<0.0001	0.0866125
Time	0.5484818	396.0038	1	722	<0.0001	0.3542061
Time × modality	0.0000816	0.0589	1	722	0.047	0.0000816
Time × theme	0.0004729	0.1138	3	722	0.9520	0.0004726
Time × major	0.0123893	4.4725	2	722	0.0117	0.0122376

Note: Before and after survey scores were binned according to four themes and averaged. Of all the individual factors analyzed, the most significant was time (before vs. after), responsible for 35% of all variation (partial η² 0.354), followed by theme and major, while modality had a negligible value (less than 1%). Significant interactions were also observed. NumDF, number of degrees of freedom; DenDF, number of degrees of freedom associated with the model errors; Prob > F, p-value associated with the F statistic of a given effect and test statistic.