Alleviating Students’ Naive Theory on Newton’s Laws of Motion through Problem Optimization and Scaffolding Discussion

Table 1

Summary of hypothesis testing results for concept understanding.

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Between groups	20,555.211	2	10,277.606	147.650	0.000
Within groups	13,295.128	191	69.608
Total	33,850.340	193