Esophageal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Assisted by an Overtube with a Traction Forceps: An Animal Study

Table 3

Histological evaluation of thermal injury to the muscular layer.

	C-ESD	OTF-ESD
Muscular layer injury (+)	10 (63%)	2 (13%)
Muscular layer injury (−)	6 (38%)	14 (88%)

Abbreviations: C-ESD, conventional endoscopic submucosal dissection; OTF-ESD, overtube with forceps endoscopic submucosal dissection.
NOTE: When injury of the outer muscular layer was observed, the ESD procedure was evaluated as positive for muscular layer injury.
P = 0.009, calculated using the Fisher exact test.