Amino Acid Signatures to Evaluate the Beneficial Effects of Weight Loss

Table 3

Backward elimination of amino acids associated with obesity traits in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort and limited to amino acids which improved with the Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance program.

Amino acids	Model 1; (AAs associated with obesity traits in MDC-CC)				Model 2; (improved AAs after WLWM intervention)
	βWC		βBMI		βWC		βBMI
Alanine	2.39	<0.001	0.92	<0.001	2.56	<0.001	0.93	<0.001
Asparagine	−4.01	<0.001	−1.40	<0.001	−4.52	<0.001	−1.64	<0.001
Glutamate	0.96	0.008	—	0.131	1.04	0.003	—	—
Glycine	−1.41	<0.001	−0.58	<0.001	—	—	—	—
Isoleucine	—	0.36	−0.61	0.034	—	0.166	0.16	0.369
Phenylalanine	—	0.44	—	0.335	—	0.201	—	—
Tyrosine	2.96	<0.001	1.03	<0.001	3.56	<0.001	1.28	<0.001
Valine	1.21	0.005	1.01	<0.001	—	—	—	—
Sex	−13.4	<0.001	0.12	0.714	−14.8	<0.001	−0.08	0.794
Age	−0.12	0.068	−0.06	0.014	−0.15	0.017	−0.08	0.002
SBP	0.05	0.017	0.02	0.002	0.05	0.015	0.02	0.002
AHT	2.27	0.005	0.98	0.003	2.48	0.003	1.04	0.002
T2D status	4.26	0.002	1.50	0.007	5.27	<0.001	1.71	0.003

Model 1: amino acids with independent association with waist circumference to abdominal obesity and BMI to obesity, respectively. Regression coefficients from the backward elimination of amino acids associated with waist circumference and BMI in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort (R²_WC = 0.54 and R²_BMI = 0.31 for Model 1). Model 2: amino acids that improve with the Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance program (i.e., excluding glycine and valine based from Table 3), with independent association with waist circumference and abdominal obesity and BMI and obesity (R²_WC = 0.53 and R²_BMI = 0.28 for Model 2). Covariates; age, sex, SBP, AHT, and T2D status.