Research Article
Pesticide Residues and Unauthorized Dyes as Adulteration Markers in Chilli Pepper and Tomato
Table 1
RASFF data of adulteration reported in the chilli pepper and tomato supply chain by notifying country and country of origin.
| | Notifying country | Year of case | Chilli pepper | Year of case | Tomato | | Country of origin | Number of reports | Country of origin | Number of reports |
| | Austria | 2019 | Italy | 2 | 2020 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2015 | Thailand | 1 | 2016 | Poland | 1 | | 2014 | Thailand | 2 | 2015 | Poland | 1 | | 2011 | Tunisia | 1 | 2014 | Poland | 1 | | 2003 | Türkiye | 1 | 2010 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2003 | Italy | 1 | 2010 | Germany | 1 | | | | 2003 | Germany | 1 | | Belgium | 2020 | Cameroon | 2 | 2018 | Italy | 1 | | 2020 | Nigeria | 1 | 2016 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2015 | Gambia | 1 | 2014 | France | 1 | | 2015 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2007 | Belgium | 3 | | 2015 | Thailand | 1 | 2005 | Italy | 1 | | 2014 | Thailand | 1 | 2004 | Italy | 1 | | 2014 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2004 | Netherlands | 1 | | 2013 | Dominican Republic | 2 | 2003 | Italy | 1 | | 2010 | Thailand | 1 | 2000 | Italy | 1 | | 2009 | Uganda | 1 | | | | | 2008 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | 2008 | India | 1 | | | | | 2003 | Italy | 1 | | | | | Bulgaria | | | | 2013 | Türkiye | 2 | | | | 2012 | Türkiye | 5 | | | | 2011 | Türkiye | 4 | | | | 2011 | Jordan | 8 | | | | 2011 | Türkiye | 2 | | Croatia | 2016 | India | 1 | 2018 | Italy | 1 | | | | 2017 | Albania | 1 | | | | 2017 | Türkiye | 1 | | Cyprus | 2017 | Sri Lanka | 1 | 2017 | Sri Lanka | 1 | | 2012 | India | 1 | 2011 | Greece | 1 | | 2010 | Egypt | 1 | | | | | Czech Republic | 2018 | India | 1 | 2017 | Morocco | 1 | | 2016 | Vietnam | 1 | 2017 | Italy | 1 | | 2015 | Laos | 1 | 2017 | Netherlands | 1 | | | | 2016 | Poland | 1 | | | | 2014 | Morocco | 1 | | | | 2014 | France | 1 | | | | 2008 | Netherlands | 2 | | Denmark | 2020 | Türkiye | 1 | 2020 | Austria | 1 | | 2018 | Thailand | 1 | 2020 | Italy | 1 | | | | 2019 | Sweden | 1 | | | | 2012 | Italy | 1 | | | | 2011 | Italy | 2 | | | | 2010 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2010 | Switzerland | 1 | | | | 2009 | Italy | 1 | | | | 2006 | Spain | 1 | | | | 1980 | Brazil | 1 | | | | 1980 | Italy | 1 | | | | 1980 | Portugal | 1 | | Finland | 2018 | Türkiye | 1 | 2020 | Poland | 1 | | 2014 | Mexico | 1 | 2013 | Finland | 1 | | 2013 | Thailand | 3 | 2008 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2013 | Spain | 1 | 2005 | Germany | 1 | | 2013 | India | 1 | 2005 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2012 | Thailand | 1 | 2003 | Italy | 1 | | 2009 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | France | 2020 | Vietnam | 1 | 2020 | Morocco | 1 | | 2019 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2020 | Spain | 1 | | 2019 | Vietnam | 1 | 2018 | Germany | 1 | | 2018 | Vietnam | 1 | 2018 | Spain | 1 | | 2018 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2016 | Italy | 1 | | 2016 | India | 1 | 2014 | Morocco | 2 | | 2015 | Dominican Republic | 4 | 2013 | Morocco | 1 | | 2014 | Dominican Republic | 2 | 2012 | Morocco | 1 | | 2014 | Lebanon | 1 | 2011 | France | 2 | | 2014 | Netherlands | 2 | 2010 | Spain | 1 | | 2013 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | 2013 | India | 1 | | | | | 2012 | India | 1 | | | | | 2012 | Dominican Republic | 3 | | | | | 2010 | Dominican Republic | 1 | | | | | 2010 | India | 1 | | | | | 2005 | Spain | 1 | | | | | 2004 | South Africa | 1 | | | | | 2004 | France | 5 | | | | | 2004 | India | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Lebanon | 1 | | | | | 2003 | India | 1 | | | | | Germany | 2019 | Thailand | 1 | 2020 | Italy | 1 | | 2018 | Thailand | 1 | 2018 | Italy | 2 | | 2018 | Vietnam | 1 | 2016 | Italy | 1 | | 2015 | India | 1 | 2014 | France | 1 | | 2015 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2014 | Tunisia | 1 | | 2012 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2014 | Italy | 1 | | 2012 | United Kingdom | 1 | 2013 | Spain | 1 | | 2012 | China | 1 | 2013 | Italy | 1 | | 2012 | South Korea | 1 | 2012 | France | 1 | | 2012 | Türkiye | 1 | 2011 | Italy | 1 | | 2010 | Pakistan | 1 | 2011 | Germany | 1 | | 2009 | United Arab Emirates | 1 | 2010 | Italy | 2 | | 2008 | Chile | 1 | 2010 | Morocco | 1 | | 2006 | Belgium | 1 | 2010 | France | 1 | | 2005 | China | 1 | 2008 | Greece | 1 | | 2005 | India | 4 | 2008 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2005 | Pakistan | 2 | 2007 | Türkiye | 3 | | 2005 | Ukraine | 1 | 2006 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2005 | Austria | 1 | 2005 | Türkiye | 3 | | 2005 | Belgium | 1 | 2003 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2005 | Unknown | 3 | 2003 | Italy | 1 | | 2004 | Türkiye | 1 | 2002 | Netherlands | 1 | | 2004 | Lithuania | 1 | 2002 | Spain | 2 | | 2004 | Egypt | 1 | 2002 | Italy | 10 | | 2003 | Thailand | 1 | 1985 | Italy | 2 | | 2003 | Netherlands | 1 | | | | | Greece | 2007 | Unknown | 1 | 2020 | Italy | 1 | | 2004 | India | 4 | 2020 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2004 | Unknown | 1 | 2019 | Italy | 1 | | | | 2018 | Hungary | 1 | | | | 2017 | Egypt | 1 | | | | 2012 | Türkiye | 2 | | | | 2011 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2011 | Georgia | 1 | | | | 2009 | Georgia | 2 | | | | 2009 | Greece | 1 | | | | 2008 | Syria | 1 | | | | 2007 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2006 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2003 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2001 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2000 | Türkiye | 1 | | Hungary | | | | 2020 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2020 | Hungary | 1 | | | | 2011 | Spain | 1 | | | | 2010 | Türkiye | 1 | | Ireland | 2008 | India | 1 | 2017 | Ireland | 1 | | | | 2005 | Italy | 1 | | Italy | 2019 | India | 1 | 2020 | Italy | 2 | | 2018 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2019 | Bangladesh | 1 | | 2018 | Bangladesh | 1 | 2019 | Türkiye | 3 | | 2017 | Egypt | 1 | 2017 | Egypt | 2 | | 2016 | Egypt | 1 | 2015 | Tunisia | 2 | | 2016 | Vietnam | 1 | 2006 | Romania | 1 | | 2016 | India | 1 | 2006 | Tunisia | 1 | | 2015 | Sri Lanka | 1 | 2006 | Cuba | 1 | | 2014 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2005 | Italy | 2 | | 2014 | Pakistan | 1 | 2005 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2014 | India | 1 | 2004 | Tunisia | 1 | | 2013 | India | 1 | 2003 | Albania | 1 | | 2013 | Bangladesh | 1 | 2003 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2013 | Cambodia | 1 | 2002 | Italy | 1 | | 2011 | Pakistan | 1 | 1999 | Syria | 1 | | 2010 | Thailand | 1 | 1986 | Italy | 1 | | 2009 | Peru | 1 | 1982 | Italy | 1 | | 2008 | Tunisia | 1 | | | | | 2007 | Cameroon | 1 | | | | | 2007 | Egypt | 1 | | | | | 2005 | Italy | 3 | | | | | 2005 | Egypt | 1 | | | | | 2005 | India | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Spain | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Egypt | 6 | | | | | 2004 | United Arab Emirates | 2 | | | | | 2004 | Pakistan | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Italy | 4 | | | | | 2004 | Tunisia | 1 | | | | | Latvia | | | | 2018 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2009 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2006 | China | 1 | | Lithuania | 2004 | China | 2 | | | | | 2004 | Poland | 3 | | | | | 2004 | India | 2 | | | | | Luxembourg | 2015 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | Malta | | | | 2018 | Italy | 1 | | Netherlands | 2019 | United Kingdom | 2 | 2020 | Netherlands | 2 | | 2019 | India | 1 | 2016 | Spain | 2 | | 2015 | India | 1 | 2016 | Netherlands | 1 | | 2014 | France | 1 | 2015 | Germany | 2 | | 2008 | Thailand | 2 | 2015 | Morocco | 1 | | 2006 | Thailand | 1 | 2014 | Spain | 1 | | 2004 | Türkiye | 3 | 2012 | Netherlands | 1 | | 2004 | Germany | 1 | 2008 | Netherlands | 1 | | Norway | 2016 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | 2015 | Vietnam | 1 | | | | | 2014 | Cambodia | 1 | | | | | 2014 | Vietnam | 1 | | | | | 2013 | Vietnam | 1 | | | | | 2006 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | 2006 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | | 2005 | Syria | 1 | | | | | Poland | 2008 | China | 1 | 2015 | Ukraine | 1 | | 2008 | Netherlands | 1 | 2011 | China | 1 | | | | 2011 | Egypt | 1 | | | | 2011 | Morocco | 1 | | Romania | | | | 2012 | Bulgaria | 2 | | | | 2012 | Netherlands | 2 | | | | 2011 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | 2011 | Bulgaria | 1 | | Slovakia | | | | 2016 | Hungary | 1 | | Slovenia | 2020 | India | 1 | 2012 | Slovenia | 2 | | 2019 | Egypt | 1 | 2012 | Macedonia | 1 | | 2012 | Egypt | 1 | 2008 | Slovenia | 1 | | | | 2004 | Bulgaria | 1 | | Spain | 2019 | Uganda | 1 | 2013 | Mexico | 1 | | 2016 | Morocco | 1 | 2003 | Türkiye | 2 | | 2014 | China | 1 | 2003 | India | 1 | | 2011 | Dominican Republic | 2 | 2002 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2010 | Bolivia | 1 | | | | | 2010 | Dominican Republic | 3 | | | | | 2009 | Bolivia | 1 | | | | | 2005 | Spain | 2 | | | | | Sweden | 2019 | Laos | 1 | 2015 | Italy | 1 | | 2016 | Thailand | 1 | 2013 | Spain | 1 | | 2016 | India | 1 | 2013 | Netherlands | 1 | | 2010 | India | 1 | 2011 | Morocco | 1 | | 2009 | Thailand | 1 | | | | | 2003 | Lebanon | 1 | | | | | Switzerland | 2014 | Vietnam | 1 | 2018 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2013 | Thailand | 1 | 2014 | Italy | 1 | | 2013 | Egypt | 1 | | | | | 2013 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | | Türkiye | 2019 | Belgium | 2 | | | | | United Kingdom | 2019 | India | 3 | 2016 | Ghana | 1 | | 2019 | Pakistan | 2 | 2012 | Italy | 1 | | 2019 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2010 | Ireland | 1 | | Uganda | 2 | 2008 | Italy | 3 | | 2018 | India | 2 | 2007 | Morocco | 1 | | 2018 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2003 | Portugal | 1 | | 2016 | India | 2 | 2003 | Türkiye | 1 | | 2015 | India | 1 | 1999 | Italy | 1 | | 2014 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 1998 | Italy | 1 | | 2014 | India | 3 | | | | | 2013 | Egypt | 1 | | | | | 2011 | India | 3 | | | | | 2010 | Dominican Republic | 1 | | | | | 2010 | Ireland | 1 | | | | | 2009 | Türkiye | 1 | | | | | 2007 | Malaysia | 1 | | | | | 2005 | Pakistan | 1 | | | | | 2005 | India | 1 | | | | | 2004 | United Arab Emirates | 2 | | | | | 2004 | India | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Poland | 1 | | | | | 2004 | Pakistan | 1 | | | | | 2003 | India | 1 | | | |
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