Ameliorative Effects of some Natural Antioxidants against Blood and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Oral Subchronic Exposure to Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, or Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats

Table 2

The effects of fig with olive oil and date palm fruit extract on the blood coagulation and endothelial dysfunction markers of male rats treated with silicon oxide nanoparticles, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, or zinc oxide nanoparticles for 75 days.

Parameters	Experimental groups
	Control	FOD	SiO2NPs	FOD-SiO2NPs	Al2O3NPs	FOD-Al2O3NPs	ZnONPs	FOD-ZnONPs
Serum D-dimer conc. (ng/mL)			^a	^a,b	^a	^a,c	^a	^a,d
		6.55%	143.23%	93.34%	182.35%	134.78%	290.27%	234.78%
Serum ET-1 conc. (μg/L)			^a	^a,b	^a	^a,c	^a	^a,d
		-0.42%	69.65%	34.51%	157.17%	123.70%	268.40%	217.46%
Serum P-selectin conc. (ng/mL)			^a	^a,b	^a	^a,c	^a	^a,d
		0.33%	96.56%	46.58%	91.31%	52.44%	124.73%	86.84%
Serum ICAM-1 conc. (ng/mL)			^a	^a,b	^a	^a,c	^a	^a,d
		4.35%	91.63%	57.81%	122.59%	98.04%	155.61%	130.54%
Serum VCAM-1 conc. (ng/mL)			^a	^a,b	^a	^a,c	^a	^a,d
		6.70%	118.83%	92.10%	142.97%	121.95%	172.89%	142.65%

Note: results are the error; %, percent of change from the control value; FOD: fig with olive oil and date-palm fruit extracts; SiO₂NPs: silicon oxide nanoparticles; Al₂O₃NPs: aluminum oxide nanoparticles; ZnONPs: zinc oxide nanoparticles; ET-1: endothelin-1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. For each parameter: ^a versus the control group; ^b versus SiO₂NPs; ^c versus Al₂O₃NPs; ^d versus ZnONPs. N.B: the antioxidants (FOD) were used for 2 weeks before and during the administration of the nanoparticles (75 days).