Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Botswana: A Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey
Table 4
Prevalence and univariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control among adults in Botswana.
Hypertension (n = 1,393)
Awareness, among hypertensives (n = 756)a
N
%
OR
95%
CI
N
%
OR
95%
CI
Gender
4007
1393
Female (ref)
2709
29.0%
963
56.6%
Male
1298
31.3%
1.12
0.93
1.34
430
36.7%
0.44
0.32
0.62
Age group
4007
1393
15–29 years (ref)
1537
19.3%
266
24.8%
30–49 years
1640
34.9%
2.24
1.76
2.85
589
49.9%
3.02
1.89
4.81
50–69 years
830
58.4%
5.88
4.36
7.93
538
66.2%
5.95
3.80
9.30
Highest education
4007
1393
None (ref)
373
43.6%
198
60.2%
Primary
946
42.2%
0.95
0.64
1.40
465
47.3%
0.59
0.36
0.98
Secondary
1985
24.5%
0.42
0.30
0.59
521
40.4%
0.45
0.27
0.73
Tertiary or higher
703
27.8%
0.50
0.35
0.72
209
50.4%
0.67
0.38
1.18
Residence type
4007
1393
Urban (ref)
710
27.7%
231
49.8%
Rural
3297
31.1%
1.17
0.91
1.51
1162
45.0%
0.83
0.55
1.24
Current smoking
4007
1393
No (ref)
3491
28.3%
1201
48.8%
Yes
516
38.6%
1.59
1.18
2.16
192
37.4%
0.63
0.38
1.04
Binge alcohol use
4007
1393
No (ref)
3459
29.2%
1203
48.4%
Yes
548
34.5%
1.28
0.93
1.74
190
37.6%
0.64
0.41
1.00
Adding table salt
3999
1391
No (ref)
2179
33.7%
838
51.7%
Yes
1820
26.6%
0.71
0.58
0.87
553
38.5%
0.58
0.41
0.83
Body mass index
3898
1376
Normal, BM I< 25 (ref)
2374
24.4%
618
33.1%
Overweight, BMI 25–30
866
38.6%
1.95
1.53
2.49
379
58.3%
2.83
1.87
4.29
Obese, BMI > 30
658
54.3%
3.68
2.82
4.80
379
65.9%
3.91
2.65
5.75
Known diabetes
4007
1393
No (ref)
3898
29.2%
1310
44.0%
Yes
109
77.1%
8.14
4.57
14.52
83
84.3%
6.81
2.72
17.05
Other comorbidities
4006
1392
No (ref)
3404
29.6%
1168
43.4%
Yes
602
33.7%
1.21
0.89
1.64
224
61.0%
2.04
1.34
3.11
Lifestyle advice
4007
1393
No (ref)
1167
27.2%
331
20.4%
Yes
2840
31.6%
1.23
0.98
1.55
1062
56.3%
5.01
3.37
7.46
Treatment, among aware hypertensives (n = 449)b
Control, among treated hypertensives (n = 171)c
N
%
OR
95%
CI
N
%
OR
95%
CI
Gender
756
449
Female (ref)
585
61.2%
363
40.6%
Male
171
45.4%
0.53
0.33
0.84
86
30.7%
0.65
0.30
1.39
Age group
756
449
15–29 years (ref)
80
28.5%
23
48.4%
30–49 years
310
50.3%
2.53
1.18
5.44
155
36.1%
0.60
0.18
1.98
50–69 years
366
71.0%
6.14
2.88
13.09
271
35.8%
0.60
0.21
1.73
Highest education
756
449
None (ref)
124
64.4%
85
27.1%
Primary
284
62.5%
0.92
0.54
1.56
183
37.3%
1.60
0.80
3.19
Secondary
239
46.9%
0.49
0.26
0.93
117
41.4%
1.90
0.82
4.43
Tertiary or higher
109
50.5%
0.56
0.28
1.12
64
37.4%
1.61
0.60
4.28
Residence type
756
449
Urban (ref)
132
51.2%
77
46.5%
Rural
624
55.7%
1.20
0.70
2.06
372
34.1%
0.60
0.28
1.26
Current smoking
756
449
No (ref)
682
56.8%
415
37.9%
Yes
74
45.1%
0.62
0.30
1.28
34
33.1%
0.81
0.26
2.53
Binge alcohol use
756
449
No (ref)
680
60.0%
420
37.6%
Yes
76
28.3%
0.26
0.13
0.54
29
32.2%
0.79
0.24
2.60
Adding table salt
755
448
No (ref)
483
56.5%
295
33.7%
Yes
272
51.1%
0.81
0.52
1.24
153
43.7%
1.53
0.85
2.74
Body mass index
745
440
Normal, BMI < 25 (ref)
267
44.7%
143
46.2%
Overweight, BMI 25–30
229
53.6%
1.43
0.84
2.43
127
33.8%
0.59
0.27
1.30
Obese, BMI > 30
249
66.8%
2.48
1.36
4.53
170
28.0%
0.45
0.21
0.96
Known diabetes
756
449
No (ref)
685
53.0%
391
35.9%
Yes
71
69.4%
2.01
0.86
4.68
58
46.2%
1.54
0.61
3.85
Other comorbidities
756
449
No (ref)
621
54.4%
368
35.5%
Yes
135
55.2%
1.03
0.57
1.85
81
43.2%
1.38
0.73
2.62
Lifestyle advice
756
449
No (ref)
95
23.5%
30
59.2%
Yes
661
59.1%
4.71
2.26
9.81
419
35.8%
0.39
0.14
1.07
,, and . Subtotals with missing values are indicated in italics. Binge use of alcohol was defined as drinking six or more units of alcohol in one occasion during the preceding 30 days. Added salt at meals was defined as a response other than “never” in response to the question, “how often do you add salt or salty sauce to your food just before or during eating?” Other comorbidities: self-reported history asthma, cancer, renal disease, “depression or other mental illnesses,” or HIV. Participants were considered to have received lifestyle advice if they responded yes to any of the options for the question, “during the past three years, has a doctor or any other health worker advised you to do any of the following, quit using tobacco, reduce salt, eat at least five servings of fruit and/or vegetables each day, start or do more physical activity?”
