Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Botswana: A Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey

Table 5

Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control among adults in Botswana.

	Hypertension (n = 1,393)				Awareness, among hypertensives (n = 756)				Treatment, among aware hypertensives (n = 449)				Control, among treated hypertensives (n = 171)
	aOR	95%	CI		aOR	95%	CI		aOR	95%	CI		aOR	95%	CI
Male	1.30	1.03	1.65		0.62	0.41	0.94		0.91	0.50	1.69		0.36	0.16	0.83
Age	1.04	1.03	1.06		1.05	1.03	1.06		1.07	1.04	1.09		1.00	0.97	1.03
Secondary school or higher	0.86	0.66	1.12		1.46	0.95	2.26		1.49	0.80	2.77		1.34	0.56	3.23
Rural residence	1.09	0.84	1.40		0.99	0.64	1.54		1.07	0.61	1.88		0.74	0.36	1.51
Current smoking	1.40	0.98	1.99		0.93	0.5	1.73		1.65	0.69	3.91		1.75	0.56	5.44
Binge alcohol use	1.21	0.8	1.81		1.28	0.73	2.25		0.41	0.18	0.94		0.99	0.22	4.41
Adding table salt	0.80	0.63	1.01		0.71	0.50	1.00		0.95	0.61	1.49		1.78	1.01	3.16
Low fruit/vegetable intake	0.77	0.44	1.38		0.99	0.38	2.53		1.24	0.48	3.20		0.47	0.15	1.50
BMI < 25 (ref)
BMI 25–30	1.56	1.20	2.04		1.66	1.05	2.65		0.94	0.52	1.68		0.70	0.32	1.56
BMI > 30	2.96	2.16	4.04		2.27	1.40	3.67		2.17	1.12	4.22		0.32	0.15	0.66
Known diabetes	4.00	1.86	8.59		3.30	1.44	7.55		1.62	0.74	3.56		1.96	0.81	4.74
Other comorbidities	0.93	0.66	1.31		1.85	1.06	3.23		1.15	0.67	1.97		1.59	0.87	2.89
Lifestyle advice	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A		4.98	2.42	10.2		0.27	0.08	0.83

, , and . BMI = body mass index. Binge use of alcohol was defined as drinking six or more units of alcohol in one occasion during the preceding 30 days. Added salt at meals was defined as a response other than “never” in response to the question, “how often do you add salt or salty sauce to your food just before or during eating?” Other comorbidities: self-reported history asthma, cancer, renal disease, “depression or other mental illnesses,” or HIV. Participants were considered to have received lifestyle advice if they responded yes to any of the options for the question, “during the past three years, has a doctor or any other health worker advised you to do any of the following, quit using tobacco, reduce salt, eat at least five servings of fruit and/or vegetables each day, start or do more physical activity?” The fully adjusted models included all variables listed in the table for a given hypertension status outcome.