<i>Plectranthus</i> species are difficult to taxonomically delimit due to lack of clear-cut morphological synapomorphies. This study is aimed at bringing insights into classification of ten<i> Plectranthus</i> species in the<i> Coleus</i> clade by using leaf micromorphology and molecular data. Stomatal counts and observation of microtome leaf sections generated leaf micromorphology data, while molecular data was obtained from sequencing<i> MatK</i> and<i> Rbcl</i> genes from each species. Phylogeny based on the<i> MatK</i> and<i> Rbcl</i> gene sequences clustered four species<i> P. caninus</i>,<i> P. otostegioides</i>,<i> P. barbatus</i>, and<i> P. lanuginosus</i> together (Clusters A and D, respectively), while<i> P. pseudomarrubioides</i>,<i> P. ornatus</i>, and<i> P. aegyptiacus</i> were grouped together into Clusters B and E, respectively, and<i> P. montanus</i> and<i> P. amboinicus</i> were grouped together (Cluster C). A dendrogram was generated through a cluster analysis of the leaf micromorphological characters grouped together,<i> P. caninus</i>,<i> P. ornatus</i>,<i> P. otostegioides</i>,<i> P. montanus</i>, and<i> P. pseudomarrubioides</i> (Cluster F). The dendrogram also grouped together<i> P. aegyptiacus</i>,<i> P. amboinicus</i>,<i> P. edulis</i>,<i> P. barbatus</i>, and<i> P. lanuginosus</i> (Cluster G). The present study has grouped the ten studied<i> Plectranthus</i> species using molecular and leaf micromorphology characters into phylogenies, which are supported by previous studies, and proved that these characters can aid in plant identification and phylogenetic studies.

Fredrick M. Musila

Catherine W. Lukhoba

Joseph M. Nguta

Saifuddin F. Dossaji

Phylogeny of Ten Kenyan<i> Plectranthus</i> Species in the<i> Coleus</i> Clade Inferred from Leaf Micromorphology,<i> Rbcl</i> and<i> MatK</i> Genes

The aim of this research was to investigate possible phenotypic variation profile of<i> Marsilea crenata</i> Presl. cultivated in water and in the soil, to find alternative cultivation techniques to fulfill the increasing demand for pollutant-free plants. Phenotypic profile was investigated through macroscopic and microscopic examinations of all plant parts, and phytochemical screening on the ethanol extract of the leaves using thin layer chromatography technique was conducted to detect the terpenoid constituents. Results showed a variation of phenotypic profiles in the macroscopic examination caused by different cultivation methods. Phytochemical screening showed spots of terpenoid compounds with different color intensity. No differences were found in the microscopic examination of the leaves, petioles, and stems. Since major profile changes did not occur,<i> M. crenata</i> is recommended to be cultivated in water as its original habitat by providing a better caring and quality of water. Due to its phytoremediation property, it is necessary to grow<i> M. crenata</i> in pollutant-free water.

Mangestuti Agil

Idha Kusumawati

Neny Purwitasari

Phenotypic Variation Profile of<i> Marsilea crenata</i> Presl. Cultivated in Water and in the Soil

<i>Agapanthus praecox </i>subsp.<i> praecox</i> Willd. is a highly valued medicinal plant of family Amaryllidaceae. The genus<i> Agapanthus</i> has been difficult to classify into distinct species due to broad similar morphology of its members. Present taxonomic confusion in this genus and numerous medicinal uses of<i> A. praecox</i> necessitate its proper identification. The leaf and rhizome microcharacters were studied using scanning electron, light microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Epidermal cells are polygonal having wavy anticlinal walls with mean adaxial length of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.3161838 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg></span> <i>μ</i>m and mean abaxial length of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M2" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.317183799999995 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg></span> <i>μ</i>m. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata with mean pore length of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M3" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.3161838 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg></span> <i>μ</i>m on the adaxial and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M4" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.3161838 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg></span> <i>μ</i>m on the abaxial surface. The mean stomata densities on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces were <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M5" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.72,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.3161838 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg></span> mm<sup>2</sup> and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38.461pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M6" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.461 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.72,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.444pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.317183799999995 -8.34882 15.444 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg></span> mm<sup>2</sup>. Trichomes and secretory ducts are absent on both surfaces. EDX spectroscopy showed that beryllium, carbon, oxygen, sodium, and silicon were present on both epidermal surfaces and rhizome while nitrogen, aluminum, and chlorine were detected only on the adaxial surface and sulphur was detected only in the rhizome.

Olubunmi Josephine Sharaibi

Anthony Jide Afolayan

Micromorphological Characterization of the Leaf and Rhizome of<i> Agapanthus praecox</i> subsp.<i> praecox</i> Willd. (Amaryllidaceae)

This study was designed to document the use and conservation of wild edible plants in Bullen district, northwestern Ethiopia. Data was collected through semistructured interview and focus group discussions. The collected data was analyzed through direct matrix ranking, pairwise ranking, and priority ranking methods. In this study, a total of 77 wild edible plant species were identified. Of these plants, trees account for 35.5&#x25; followed by shrubs (31.1&#x25;). Fruits were the most harvested parts (59.7&#x25;) followed by leaves (12.9&#x25;), roots and tubers (3.8&#x25;), and rhizomes (2.5&#x25;). These plants are consumed either raw (57.1&#x25;) and/or cooked (17&#x25;); most are collected by women (62.5&#x25;) and children (20.8&#x25;), but the participation of men is stumpy (4.2&#x25;). According to pairwise ranking analysis, fruits of<i> Vitex doniana</i> and the leaves of<i> Portulaca quadrifida</i> are the most preferred plant species because of their sweet taste. However, some of the plants have side effects causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. Although religion and cultural norms and values play an important role in the conservation of wild edible plants, population pressure and its associated impacts contributed much to the disappearance of these plants. Thus, community participation is the suggested solution for the conservation and sustainable use of the wild edible plants in the study area.

Tariku Berihun

Eyayu Molla

Study on the Diversity and Use of Wild Edible Plants in Bullen District Northwest Ethiopia

Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) production in arid and semiarid environments routinely experiences elevated temperature and low humidity challenges that ultimately determine yield and producer profitability. The present study investigated the diversity of flower petal opening to determine if traditional genetics and breeding approaches could develop a more cupped or closed flower, thereby providing a more humid microenvironment around the dehisced pollen. Six cultivars with reported differences in pollen humidity sensitivity were used to evaluate the genetics of petal opening. Crosses between open flower cultivars generally resulted in F<sub>1</sub> offspring with open flowers. Crosses between closed flower cultivars generally resulted in F<sub>1</sub> offspring with closed flowers. Crosses between open and closed flower cultivars provided unique phenotypes depending on the cultivars used. The results from the F<sub>1</sub> offspring suggested that the male parent influenced the flower shape of the offspring. In addition, analysis of F<sub>2</sub> offspring from the bidirectional crosses suggests that a single dominant gene from the male parent ultimately influences flower petal openness. Using traditional breeding techniques, it may be possible to develop cultivars with either open or closed flower phenotypes, linking pollen development stability and mature pollen viability across a range of environments to stabilize and enhance crop yield.

John J. Burke

Mauricio Ulloa

Relationship between Flower Opening in Six Cotton Cultivars and Their Progeny to Pollen Dehydration Tolerance

<i>Pogostemon cablin</i> (Lamiaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves from<i> P. cablin</i> extracts were investigated. The water extracts had the highest total phenolic content <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 69.6276 8.69875" width="69.6276pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.72,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.924,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.07,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.846,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.81,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.05,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g></svg> mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry plant extract. Nevertheless, high levels of total flavonoid content were found in ethanolic extracts <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M2" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 69.6276 8.69875" width="69.6276pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.72,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.924,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.07,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.846,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.81,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.05,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg> mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant extract. The highest antioxidant activities were found for the ethanolic extract (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" id="M3" height="12.0575pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.7664 85.1508 12.0575" width="85.1508pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g121-71" d="M303 0V28C221 34 213 39 213 125V525C213 610 221 616 303 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 610 128 525V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H303Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.276,0)"><path id="g121-65" d="M614 175C564 76 510 21 408 21C256 21 146 149 146 336C146 488 235 629 402 629C510 629 570 586 597 480L626 488C620 541 614 582 606 638C578 643 510 665 429 665C206 665 44 527 44 316C44 157 153 -15 402 -15C474 -15 558 5 586 11C604 45 629 119 643 165L614 175Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.97,3.132)"><path id="g50-54" d="M158 548H390L417 615L410 623H122L83 318C105 326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.402,3.132)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.997,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.26,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.5,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-57"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.645,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.182,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.422,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.386,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.627,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g></svg>, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M4" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 47.8623 8.69875" width="47.8623pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.386,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.922,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.162,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg> <i>μ</i>g/mL) by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, respectively. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition of superoxide inhibition (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" id="M5" height="13.9782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.7967 24.3892 13.9782" width="24.3892pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g121-77" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.711,3.132)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.694,-5.741)"><path id="g54-74" d="M333 262C333 337 270 397 193 397S54 337 54 262S116 127 193 127S333 187 333 262Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.197,-5.741)"><path id="g54-33" d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z"/></g></svg>) and nitric oxide (NO) production in concentration-dependent manner. Antibacterial activity was calculated by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC). The ethanolic extract had the greatest activity against methicillin resistant<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i>, methicillin sensitive<i> S. aureus</i>, and<i> Streptococcus pyogenes</i> with zone diameters of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M6" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.832,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.368,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.608,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.572,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.813,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g></svg>, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M7" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.811,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg>, and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M8" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.81,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg> mm, respectively. The corresponding MIC and MBCs were 5, 0.625, and 0.039 mg/mL.<i> P. cablin</i> extracts contain antioxidant and antibacterial properties that should be exploited for possible clinical application.

Bhanuz Dechayont

Pimnapa Ruamdee

Sukrita Poonnaimuang

Khwanchanok Mokmued

Jitpisute Chunthorng-Orn

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of<i> Pogostemon cablin</i> (Blanco) Benth.

<i>Phragmanthera capitata</i> (Sprengel) Balle is a mistletoe of the Loranthaceae family that has been explored for its therapeutic properties in folklore for ages. However, there had been an alarming increase in misidentification of species in this family. This may be due in part to the lack of species taxonomic information. Hence, this study wishes to highlight the range of micromorphological features which could complement the information database of this species. Scanning electron, light, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microscopies were used for this study. The result revealed a paracytic type of stomata with mean abaxial and adaxial density of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 69.6276 8.69875" width="69.6276pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.72,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.924,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.07,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.606,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M2" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 69.6276 8.69875" width="69.6276pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.722,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.686,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.926,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.072,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.608,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.849,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.813,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.053,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg> mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively, and mean guard cell length of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M3" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.811,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg> <i>μ</i>m. Oval-shaped lenticels with a mean length of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M4" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.831,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.368,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.608,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.572,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.812,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg> <i>μ</i>m were observed. They were arranged in parallel on the epidermal cells of the abaxial midrib. Densely packed stellate trichomes were revealed on the abaxial epidermis with a density of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M5" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 63.3642 8.69875" width="63.3642pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.685,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.83,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.813,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g></svg> mm<sup>2</sup>. Tracheary elements, which are tightly packed with granules believed to be proteins, were observed in the cross sections of the twig. Deposits chiefly composed of silicon, aluminium, potassium, and iron were recorded in the EDX analysis. This study revealed detailed descriptive micromorphological structures which could serve as a source of information and reference for the taxonomic description of<i> P. capitata.</i>

Franklin Uangbaoje Ohikhena

Olubunmi Abosede Wintola

Micromorphological Studies of the Loranthaceae,<i> Phragmanthera capitata</i> (Sprengel) Balle

Fresh seeds of cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i> L.) are covered by a large amount of mucilage, which plays important ecological roles. However, for stored seeds, mucilage can adversely affect germination. This study investigated the effect of mucilage removal (demucilaging) and seed storage of freshly extracted cocoa seeds on seedling emergence and growth. The study showed that demucilaging cocoa seeds confers several advantages over mucilage intact seeds provided the seeds have been stored for at least three days before sowing. Demucilaging increased germination rate (T<sub>50</sub>) and percentage germination and presence of mucilage increased days to seedling emergence and cessation of germination when seeds were stored for over two days. For up to 21 days of seed storage, there was generally no difference in many traits for demucilaged seeds. Demucilaged seeds had 80&#x2013;100&#x25; germination after 21 days of storage, and rate of germination increased with increasing duration of seed storage. Intact mucilage seeds maintained 80&#x2013;100&#x25; germination for only 2 days after seed extraction and rate of germination decreased with increasing seed storage duration. We conclude that (i) if seeds are sown on the day of extraction demucilaging before sowing would be superfluous and (ii) demucilaging and storage can provide advantages to smallholder farmers when environmental or socioeconomic conditions preclude immediate sowing.

Michael O. Adu

Thomas Cobbinah

Paul A. Asare

David O. Yawson

Kingsley J. Taah

Demucilaging Freshly Stored Seeds of Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i> L.) Improves Seedling Emergence and Growth

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Journal of Botany

Table of Contents

Table of Contents: 2017

Phylogeny of Ten Kenyan Plectranthus Species in the Coleus Clade Inferred from Leaf Micromorphology, Rbcl and MatK Genes

Phenotypic Variation Profile of Marsilea crenata Presl. Cultivated in Water and in the Soil

Micromorphological Characterization of the Leaf and Rhizome of Agapanthus praecox subsp. praecox Willd. (Amaryllidaceae)

Study on the Diversity and Use of Wild Edible Plants in Bullen District Northwest Ethiopia

Relationship between Flower Opening in Six Cotton Cultivars and Their Progeny to Pollen Dehydration Tolerance

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

Micromorphological Studies of the Loranthaceae, Phragmanthera capitata (Sprengel) Balle

Demucilaging Freshly Stored Seeds of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Improves Seedling Emergence and Growth