Detection and Analytical Capabilities for Trace Level of Carbon in High-Purity Metals by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a Frequency Quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG Laser

Ohata, Masaki; Nakae, Toshiki

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1095183

Journal of Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 1095183 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1095183

Detection and Analytical Capabilities for Trace Level of Carbon in High-Purity Metals by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a Frequency Quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG Laser

Masaki Ohata¹and Toshiki Nakae²

Academic Editor: Alexandre Giuliani

Received17 Nov 2016

Accepted24 Jan 2017

Published20 Feb 2017

Abstract

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser was examined to the analysis of trace level of carbon (C) in high-purity metals and its detection and analytical capabilities were evaluated. Though C signal in a wavelength of 247.9 nm, which showed the highest sensitivity of C, could be obtained from Cd, Ti, and Zn ca. 7000 mg kg⁻¹ C in Fe could not be detected due to the interferences from a lot of Fe spectra. Alternative C signal in a wavelength of 193.1 nm could not be also detected from Fe due to the insufficient laser output energy of the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser. The depth analysis of C by LIBS was also demonstrated and the C in Cd and Zn was found to be contaminated in only surface area whereas the C in Ti was distributed in bulk. From these results, the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, which was adopted widely as a commercial laser ablation (LA) system coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for trace element analysis in solid materials, could be used for C analysis to achieve simultaneous measurements for both C and trace elements in metals by LIBS and LA-ICPMS, respectively.

1. Introduction

The light elements such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) play a significant role in determining important mechanical and physical properties for almost all solid materials. For example, the existence of trace level of light elements is very desirable in steel, and it was well known that C is the most important element in steel production [1, 2]. It is well known that spark discharge optical emission spectrometry and classical combustion C analyser are common analytical techniques for C in solid materials such as steel and metals [3, 4]. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) has increasingly been used for the determination of trace elements with high spatial lateral and depth resolutions and low limits of detection below 1 mg kg⁻¹ in many different solid materials such as industrial materials, geological samples, and human remains [5–13]. However, the analytical technique was not suited for the trace light element analysis due to its harsh spectroscopic interferences from air (N₂, O₂, and CO₂) and humidity (H₂O) that might be introduced into the ICP. Alternative analytical technique that uses the LA is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) [14–24]. The LIBS shows several technical benefits that include little or no sample preparation, no contamination from the excitation source, and direct characterization of molten and solid materials as an almost nondestructive technique. In this context, it is worth noting that X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, the main competing technique to LIBS, has been virtually impossible for the detection of trace level of light elements. In recent years, the detection power of LIBS was improved due to the instrumental developments of sensitive optical detectors such as intensified charge coupled device (ICCD). In addition, both LIBS and LA have been incorporated into a single commercial instrument as tandem LA/LIBS and the determinations of light and heavy elements simultaneously by LIBS and LA-ICPMS, respectively, have been demonstrated [25–30]. From these points of view, the tandem LA/LIBS could be useful for the determination of trace level of light elements in solid materials such as metals; however, the analytical applications were limited compared to those demonstrated by conventional LIBS with either 1064 nm or 532 nm Nd:YAG lasers. Therefore, it is worthwhile to evaluate the detection and analytical capabilities of tandem LA/LIBS for the determination of trace level of light elements in solid materials.

The purpose of the present study was the evaluation of the detection and analytical capabilities of trace level of C in high-purity metals by LIBS with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, which could be equipped as tandem LA/LIBS for both LIBS and LA-ICPMS analyses. The high-purity metals such as cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), and zinc (Zn) were measured and the operating conditions of the tandem LA/LIBS such as laser irradiated diameter and chamber gases for both Ar and He were examined. The depth analysis of C was also demonstrated and the figures of merit of the LIBS with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser were determined in the present study.

2. Experimental

2.1. Instrument

Table 1 lists the experimental conditions of the LIBS instrument used in the present study. All experiments were performed using a J200 Tandem LA/LIBS Instrument with HP detector option (Applied Spectra Inc., Fremont, CA) equipped with a 213 nm frequency quintupled Nd:YAG nanosecond pulsed laser, which was designed for both LIBS and LA-ICPMS measurements. For collection and spectroscopic analysis of the radiation emitted by the laser-induced plasma (LIP), an optical fiber system connected to a Czerny-Turner spectrometer with ICCD detection was employed. For every laser shot, spectra over the wavelengths ranged from 220 to 280 nm or 160 to 220 nm for 247.9 nm or 193.1 nm C analyses, respectively, were recorded in Axiom data acquisition software provided by the manufacturer of the instrument. In order to avoid continuum emission and accumulate C emission signal from LIP, 0.1 μs and 5 μs of gate delay and width were set, respectively, as listed in Table 1. The ablation chamber could accommodate samples of up to 100 mm diameter with flexibility in volume and wash-out time. Either Ar or He was used for the chamber gas to remove carbon contamination from carbon dioxide (CO₂) in ambient air.

2.2. Samples

The metal samples of Cd, Fe, Ti, and Zn were used in the present study. The metal Cd had granular shape and its nominal value of the purity was 99.999% (Wako Pure Chemicals, Japan). The Fe was carbon steel with rectangular parallelepiped block (3 mm × 10 mm × 15 mm) which contained 0.673% in mass fraction of C (NMIJ CRM 1015-b) and the value was certified by National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan). The Ti used had columnar form (ca. 0.12 g) and the concentration of C was 0.009% in mass fraction (LECO RM 502-876, LECO Japan Corporation, Osaka, Japan), which was commercially available as calibration standard for oxygen combustion-infrared absorptiometry for C analysis. The metal Zn used in the present study was NMIJ CRM 3009-a, whose purity was certified as 99.995% in mass fraction by NMIJ. The form of the Zn was 2 mm cubic (ca. 0.14 g) and the concentration of C was 2–6 mg kg⁻¹ which was determined by oxygen combustion-infrared absorptiometry calibrated by the calibration standard of steel pin from LECO Corporation. The sample pretreatment such as surface cleaning using acids was not carried out for all metal samples used in the present study.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. LIBS Spectra from Different Laser Irradiated Diameter

Figure 1 shows LIBS spectra obtained from the different laser irradiated diameters of 15, 50, and 100 μm with respect to the surface of Zn metal. The chamber gas was Ar and the laser irradiated output energy to the surface of Zn was fixed at 3.5 mJ. As can be seen from Figure 1, the huge spectrum from Zn was observed at closer wavelength with respect to 247.9 nm of C spectrum, which could influence the C analysis. The C signal observed for 50 μm laser irradiated diameter showed higher intensity than that observed for 15 μm, which resulted in better net signal intensity and signal-to-background (S/B) ratio since the background spectra were similar to each other. On the other hand, similar net signal intensity but poor S/B ratio of C was observed for 100 μm laser irradiated diameter, since the background spectrum observed, which was attributed to both the matrix element of Zn and the continuous emission from Ar-LIP, was higher than those for both 15 and 50 μm even though the highest C signal intensity was observed. From these results, the laser irradiated diameter of 50 μm was selected for C analysis in metal samples by LIBS with 3.5 mJ laser output energy in the present study.

3.2. LIBS Spectra from Different Chamber Gases of Ar and He

The different chamber gases between Ar and He were examined in the present study. Figure 2 shows the LIBS spectra from Zn metal obtained under either Ar or He gas condition. In case of Ar, both lager net signal intensity of C and higher background spectrum were observed compared to those of He. The higher S/B ratio of C could be obtained under He gas condition even though the net signal intensity was smaller since background spectrum was lower, as shown in Figure 2. The lower background emission spectrum could be due to the lower thermal conductivity of He, which made thermal expansion faster and reduced electron number density of the LIP, compared to that of Ar. Also He has higher ionization potential than that of Ar and leads to less dense electron number density to produce lower background of He-LIP [31]. Figures 3 and 4 show the LIBS spectra observed for metal samples of Cd and Ti, respectively. In case of Cd, similar background spectra were observed for both gases; however, higher C signal intensity could be obtained under Ar chamber gas condition. The higher C signal intensity could be attributed to the Ar-LIP which revealed greater electron concentration leading to enhancing the emission signal compared to that of He-LIP. On the other hand, the background emission spectrum was attributed to not only continuous emission from Ar-LIP but also spectra from matrix element of Cd. As can be seen in Figure 3, Cd spectra were not close to 247.9 nm C, which resulted in the lower background emission intensity with respect to the C spectrum; therefore, better net signal intensity and S/B ratio of C could be observed from Cd metal. In case of Ti, higher background spectrum and higher Ti spectra were observed under Ar gas condition; however, similar net C signals could be obtained for both chamber gas conditions as shown in Figure 4. Consequently, better S/B ratio of C could be observed under He gas condition for Ti metal. In case of Fe, though the concentration of C was 0.673% in Fe, it could not be detected since many Fe spectra interfered withj the C spectrum for both gas conditions (data is not shown). The C in Fe could not be also detected by alternative wavelength of 193.1 nm of C, which could be expected to get rid of the Fe spectral interferences. In previous studies [14–18, 20, 22], C in Fe could be detected by LIBS, but the laser output energy applied was higher (100 mJ) than that of the tandem LA/LIBS used in the present study (3.5 mJ) since the laser wavelength used was 1064 nm. From these results, the insufficient sensitivity of C was considered to be due to the insufficient laser output energy of the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser. It could be considered that 266 nm Nd:YAG laser might be useful for the measurement of C in Fe in a wavelength of 193.1 nm since the laser could give higher output energy of ca. 25 mJ laser. Unfortunately, though the simultaneous measurements for both C in the concentration of sub % and trace elements in Fe using the tandem LA/LIBS with 213 nm Nd:YAG laser coupled with ICPMS was difficult, it could be evaluated that the simultaneous measurement was possible for other metals such as Cd, Ti, and Zn. Though Ar chamber gas showed better sensitivity of C on Cd metal, it could be considered that He gas was suitable when the LIBS was carried out as tandem LA/LIBS with ICPMS, since the gas was known to be suitable for LA-ICPMS.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

3.3. Depth Analysis of C by LIBS

It is well known that the LIBS can be applied to the depth analysis of elements in solid materials [32–35]. The examination on the distribution of elements including light elements is also important to characterize the solid materials. Therefore, depth analysis of C was examined in the present study. The analytical results obtained under both Ar and He gas conditions were shown in Figures 5–7 for Zn, Cd, and Ti metals, respectively. The 300 laser shots resulted in ca. 90 μm depth analysis of C in these metals. As could be seen from Figures 5–7, both C and background emission signals decreased with increasing depth which could be due to the laser beam defocusing during laser shots with respect to sample surface. The trends of signals might be also dependent on the sample form (cubic, granular, and columnar forms for Zn, Cd, and Ti, resp.). As can be seen in Figures 5 and 6, C signals could be obtained from only the surface area of both Zn and Cd metals. That is, the C in both metals was not distributed in bulk. It was considered that C on the surface of these metals might be the contamination which could be due to the surface oxidation from ambient air during their storage period. Though the concentration of C in Zn was from 2 to 6 mg kg⁻¹ which was determined by oxygen combustion-infrared absorptiometry, the result was considered to be attributed to the C on metal surface. If the C atoms, which corresponded to the above concentrations of C, were distributed homogeneously on the surface of the 2 mm cubic Zn metal, the C atom layers could be roughly estimated from 10 to 30 which corresponded to from 1.4 to 5.2 nm in depth. Since ca. 90 μm in depth was obtained during 300 laser shots, estimated depth for each laser shot was ca. 300 nm which showed sufficiently deeper depth than the C layer. Therefore, strong C signal was only observed for the 1st laser shot as shown in Figures 5 and 6. On the other hand, as can be seen in Figure 7, C in Ti seemed to be distributed in bulk because the differences between C and background signals could be observed during 300 laser shots, even though the differences decreased with increasing laser shots which could be due to the laser beam defocusing. The detection limits of C in Ti were estimated and the values of 30–50 mg kg⁻¹ could be obtained during the number of laser shots from 1st to 50th for both chamber gas conditions. From these results, the LIBS with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser was also expected to be useful for depth analysis of light elements as well as heavy elements as tandem LA/LIBS with ICPMS.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

4. Conclusion

The LIBS with a frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser was examined for trace level of C analysis in high-purity metals such as Zn, Cd, Ti, and Fe. The operating conditions including chamber gases such as Ar and He were examined. Though C emission signals in a wavelength of 247.9 nm, which showed the highest sensitivity of C, could be obtained from Cd, Ti, and Zn, ca. 7000 mg kg⁻¹ C in Fe could not be detected due to the interferences from a lot of Fe spectra. Alternative C signal in a wavelength of 193.1 nm could not be also detected from Fe due to the insufficient laser output energy of the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser. In case of the depth analysis, the C in both Cd and Zn was found to be contaminated in only surface area, whereas the C in Ti was distributed in bulk. From these results, though the laser output energy was insufficient for C analysis in Fe, the frequency quintupled 213 nm Nd:YAG laser, which was adopted widely for commercial LA system for trace element analysis in solid materials coupled with ICPMS, could be useful for C analysis to achieve simultaneous measurements for both C and trace elements in some metals by LIBS and LA-ICPMS, respectively.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

P. Harvey, Ed., Engineering Properties of Steel, American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1982.
V. B. E. Thomsen, Mpdern Spectrochemical Analysis of Metals, ASM International, 1996.
R. Noll, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2012.
J. A. C. Broekaet, Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
J. Plsonero and D. Günther, “Femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: fundamentals and capabilities for depth profiling analysis,” Mass Spectrometry Reviews, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 609–623, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. H. Bings, A. Bogaerts, and J. A. C. Broekaert, “Atomic spectroscopy,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 4317–4347, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Pisonero, B. Fernández, and D. Günther, “Critical revision of GD-MS, LA-ICP-MS and SIMS as inorganic mass spectrometric techniques for direct solid analysis,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1145–1160, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Resano, E. García-Ruiz, and F. Vanhaecke, “Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in archaeometric research,” Mass Spectrometry Reviews, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 55–78, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Y. Qin, J. A. Caruso, B. Lai, A. Matusch, and J. S. Becker, “Trace metal imaging with high spatial resolution: applications in biomedicine,” Metallomics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28–37, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Sussulini and J. S. Becker, “Combination of PAGE and LA-ICP-MS as an analytical workflow in metallomics: state of the art, new quantification strategies, advantages and limitations,” Metallomics, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1271–1279, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Koch and D. Günther, “Review of the state-of-the-art of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 65, no. 5, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ohata, D. Tabersky, R. Glaus, J. Koch, B. Hattendorf, and D. Günther, “Comparison of 795 nm and 265 nm femtosecond and 193 nm nanosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the quantitative multi-element analysis of glass materials,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1345–1353, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ohata, N. Nonose, L. Dorta, and D. Günther, “Comparison of 265 nm femtosecond and 213 nm nanosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Pb isotope ratio measurements,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1309–1315, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Aguilera, C. Aragón, and J. Campos, “Determination of carbon content in steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1382–1387, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Aragón, J. A. Aguilera, and J. Campos, “Determination of carbon content in molten steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 606–608, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Sturm, L. Peter, and R. Noll, “Steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 1275–1278, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Khater, J. T. Costello, and E. T. Kennedy, “Optimization of the emission characteristics of laser-produced steel plasmas in the vacuum ultraviolet: significant improvements in carbon detection limits,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 970–983, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Peter, V. Sturm, and R. Noll, “Liquid steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, no. 30, pp. 6199–6204, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wormhoudt, F. J. Iannarilli Jr., S. Jones, K. D. Annen, and A. Freedman, “Determination of carbon in steel by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using a microchip laser and miniature spectrometer,” Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1098–1102, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Usui, T. Ishida, and K. Fujimoto, “Application of the double pulse Nd:YAG laser induced breakdown spectroscopy to on-site analysis of carbon in steel,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 76–80, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Khater, “Application of laser-ablated plasmas to compositional analysis of steel in the vacuum ultraviolet,” Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1581–1586, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Khater, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for light elements detection in steel: state of the art,” Spectrochimica Acta—Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 81, pp. 1–10, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. A. Labutin, S. M. Zaytsev, A. M. Popov, and N. B. Zorov, “Carbon determination in carbon-manganese steels under atmospheric conditions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Optics Express, vol. 22, no. 19, pp. 22382–22387, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. N. Abdulmadjid, N. Idris, M. Pardede et al., “Sensitive analysis of carbon, chromium and silicon in steel using picosecond laser induced low pressure helium plasma,” Spectrochimica Acta B, vol. 114, pp. 1–6, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Latkoczy and T. Ghislain, “Simultaneous LIBS and LA-ICP-MS analysis of industrial samples,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1152–1160, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. E. Russo, X. Mao, J. J. Gonzalez, V. Zorba, and J. Yoo, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 6162–6177, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Dong, D. Oropeza, J. Chirinos et al., “Elemental analysis of coal by tandem laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry,” Spectrochimica Acta—Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 109, pp. 44–50, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Subedi, T. Trejos, and J. Almirall, “Forensic analysis of printing inks using tandem laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,” Spectrochimica Acta—Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 103-104, pp. 76–83, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Lee, S.-H. Nam, K.-S. Ham et al., “Multivariate classification of edible salts: simultaneous laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis,” Spectrochimica Acta—Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 118, pp. 102–111, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Bonta, J. J. Gonzalez, C. Derrick Quarles, R. E. Russo, B. Hegedus, and A. Limbeck, “Elemental mapping of biological samples by the combined use of LIBS and LA-ICP-MS,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 252–258, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Dong, X. Mao, J. J. Gonzalez, J. Lu, and R. E. Russo, “Time-resolved LIBS of atomic and molecular carbon from coal in air, argon and helium,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2066–2075, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Ardakani and S. H. Tavassoli, “Depth profile analysis of nanometric layers by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 153–157, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Glaus and D. W. Hahn, “Fiber-coupled laser-induced breakdown and Raman spectroscopy for flexible sample characterization with depth profiling capabilities,” Spectrochimica Acta B, vol. 100, pp. 116–122, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Agresti and S. Siano, “Depth-dependent calibration for quantitative elemental depth profiling of copper alloys using laser-induced plasma spectroscopy,” Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 217–221, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-H. In, C.-K. Kim, S.-H. Lee, J.-H. Choi, and S. Jeong, “Rapid quantitative analysis of elemental composition and depth profile of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin solar cell film using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 579, pp. 89–94, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Masaki Ohata and Toshiki Nakae. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1708

Downloads

1032

Citations