Supplementation of Microbial Phytase with Safflower Meal in Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>): The Effects on Growth, Digestibility, Environmental, and Serum Biological Parameters

Çantaş, İsmail Berat; Yildirim, Önder

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4634796

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Phytochemicals in Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 4634796 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4634796

Supplementation of Microbial Phytase with Safflower Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): The Effects on Growth, Digestibility, Environmental, and Serum Biological Parameters

İsmail Berat Çantaş¹and Önder Yildirim¹

Guest Editor: Francesca Arfuso

Received06 Feb 2020

Revised05 Apr 2020

Accepted09 Jun 2020

Published08 Jul 2020

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of diets replacing soybean meal with safflower meal and phytase enzyme on feed utilization, growth performance, body composition, serum biological parameters, and environmental effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To this aim, five different isonitrogenous (44%) and isocaloric (23 kJ) experimental feeds were formulated as follows: the control group (C) containing no safflower meal and enzyme; SFM10 and SFM20 groups containing 10% and 20% of safflower meal instead of soybean meal, respectively; and SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀ and SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ groups containing 10% safflower meal and 1000 IU/kg phytase and 20% safflower meal and 2000 IU/kg phytase, respectively. Juveniles (12.57 ± 3.05 g average weight) were fed for 60 days. As a result, the best growth rate and feed conversion were recorded in the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group with 127.07 ± 7.73% and 1.13 ± 0.020, respectively . On the contrary, total phosphorus in SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group trial feed was 1.20 ± 0.02, while 0.70 ± 0.08 was found in feces that is the best result between other groups. ALP, LDH, TPROT, CHOL, and triglyceride levels were not statistically different among the experimental groups. ALT, AST, glucose, and albumin levels in serum resulted to be affected by different phytase levels but without any negative effect on fish growth and fish health status. Cholesterol level in the SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀ group was the highest and positively affected growth and health status of this group. In conclusion, 20% safflower meal replacement along with 2000 IU/kg microbial phytase in feeds can be considered suitable for rainbow trout due to its sustainability and reduced environmental effects due to reduced phosphorous excretion.

1. Introduction

Aquaculture production is one of the most important economic sectors worldwide. The global aquaculture production in 2016 was about 80 million tons in the world with 814,090 tons only of rainbow trout and about 178,000 tons production only in Europe [1]. In Turkey, the annual aquaculture production was 314,537 tons in 2018 with 108,450 tons of rainbow trout [2] being the world’s number-one producer of this species [1].

Recently, the vegetable-based protein ingredients have been used because of the difficulty in providing fish meal that is no longer economically feasible and not sustainable [3]. The use of fish meal in feeds also increases the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic environments [4]. The most commonly used vegetable-based ingredients are soy products and meal, sunflower oil and meal, cottonseed oil and meal, rapeseed oil meal, corn gluten meal, canola meal, peanut meal, and oatmeal [5]. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is an oil seed plant that needs little water and can live in more arid conditions than soybean and sunflower. It can also be considered a sustainable plant due to its ease of supply and oil seed [6]. Safflower meal can also be used proportionally instead of soybean meal or other protein sources because of its protein content (about 20–25%) [7]. Previous studies report that safflower meal can be safely used as a protein source in rainbow trout feeds up to 20% in fish experimental diets [8, 9].

Antinutrients in plant compounds used in fish feed like phytate have negative impacts on feed intake, digestion, and nutrient absorption [10], while some enzyme supplements increased digestibility and reduced negative effects of antinutritional factors [11]. According to Francis et al. [10], ingredients containing phytate have negative effects on growth, particularly on species of carp, tilapia, and trout. Addition of the phytase enzyme in fish with limited intestinal phytase can combine with amino acids and proteins, improve the digestion of these complex structures like phytate in fish, and also reduce the negative effects of phytate [12]. In vitro studies demonstrate that phytate-protein structures are not soluble and are less affected by proteolytic enzymes [13]. Because the discharge of unavailable phosphorus and the phytate-protein complex from aquaculture environments causes increases on growth of algae and phytoplankton, it leads to a reduction in the amount of dissolved oxygen and pollution [14]. Phytase also led to increases on the availability of trace elements found in feeds [15, 16]. Another positive effect of adding phytase to feeds is the contribution of converting phytate, an antinutritional factor with limited digestion in monogastric animals, to absorbable phosphorus [17]. Another advantage is that it increases the bioavailability of nutritional amino acids and energy [18]. Use of microbial phytase in fish feed can enhance the bioavailability of phytate-bound P and nitrogen, and thus, less P is discharged into the aquatic environment [14, 15]. Therefore, phytase is increasingly considered as the dispensable additive for a cost-effective and environmental friendly fish-feed formula [15]. Commercial phytase has been used in animal feed for more than 20 years, especially in feeds for pork, poultry, and, more recently, fish and shrimp, in order to reduce environmental impact and the accumulation of waste in farms [17].

Several studies have been conducted on the effects of vegetable-based ingredients on rainbow trout feed [19–22] Enzymes were also added to rainbow trout feeds using vegetable-based ingredients and using the microbial phytase enzyme [23–27]. Although the effects of the safflower meal on the rainbow trout have been studied [8, 9], no studies focusing on replacement of soybean meal with safflower meal and its effect when used together with the phytase enzyme are available. Sardar et al. [28] Found that phytase was effective in releasing most of the phytate-bound proteins, amino acids, and minerals for optimum utilization and performance and had no negative effects on serum biological parameters.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the sustained use of safflower meal, instead of soybean meal, together with the microbial phytase enzyme on the reduction of antinutritional factors in feeds, increased digestibility of feeds, growth performance, serum biochemistry, and feed conversion of rainbow trout.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Experiment Feeds

Five different isonitrogenous (44%) and isocaloric (23 kJ) experimental feeds were formulated to meet the nutritional needs of rainbow trout. The feed experiment included a control feed with no safflower meal or phytase (C), a 10% safflower meal instead of soybean meal (SFM10), a 20% safflower meal instead of the soybean meal (SFM20), a safflower meal instead of the 10% soybean meal and 1000 U/kg of the phytase enzyme (SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀), and a 20% of safflower meal instead of the soybean meal and 2000 U/kg of the phytase enzyme (SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀). After preparation of the trial feeds, phytase activity was determined using Na-phytate as the substrate. Phytase activities were found, 980 U/kg in the SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀ group and 1940 U/kg in the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group. Fish meal, soybean meal, wheat flour, wheat gluten, fish oil, safflower meal, vitamin and mineral premixes, and phytase enzymes used in the experiment feeds are reported in Table 1. Essential amino acid compositions of trial feeds are given in Table 2.

Dry ingredients were mixed together based on the given diets. Feeds containing the phytase enzyme were added after being weighed and homogenized for 16 minutes. Fish oil and water were added to the mixture to a pulp that was converted to 2 mm diameter pellet after being passed through a pelletizer. The pellets were prepared using a cooled (about 70°C) feed making machine. Prepared feeds were crumbled into a dried material for three days maintained at 4°C until used.

2.2. Experimental Layout

The experimental rainbow trout were obtained from a private company located in Seydikemer, Muğla, Turkey. The feeding experiment was carried out in an open-circuit system (15 plastic tanks with a volume of 270 liters) established at the aquaculture unit of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Ortaca Vocational School. In the experiment, 15 fish with an average weight of 12.57 ± 3.05 g were used for each tank after being starved for one day. During the experiment, the fish were fed 3 times a day (09:00, 12:30, and 17:00) to satiation for 60 days. Uneaten feed and feces were siphoned daily.

2.3. Sampling and Analytical Methods

Five fish from each group were randomly sampled and stored at −20°C until used for analysis. Fish feces were collected and stored at −20°C daily starting from the 30^th day of the experiment to determine feed digestibility.

Crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and moisture of feed ingredients, experimental feeds, fish feces, and sampled fish were determined by standard methods [30] at the beginning and end of the experiment.

2.4. Analysis of Water Quality Parameters

Dissolved oxygen in water, temperature, and pH were measured daily using the Hach-Lange brand multiparameter device. The N-NO₂ and N-NO₃ content of water was measured weekly by means of Noratex brand test kits. The mean values were as follows: 19.7°C ± 2°C mean water temperature, 8.9 ± 0.5 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 8.01 ± 0.3 pH, 0.1 ppm N-NO₂, and 5 ppm N-NO₃ nitrogen.

2.5. Calculation of Growth Parameters

Growth parameters were calculated with the following equations: Feed conversion rate = total feed intake /weight gain + weights of dead fish

The nutrient digestibility rate was calculated, and the amount of acid insoluble ash was used as a marker.

Phosphorus contents of feed and feces were measured by using Optima 7000 DV model inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

2.6. Blood Sampling and Analyses of Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters

At the end of the feeding experiment, blood was sampled from 75 fish (5 fish per tanks) per group anaesthetized using clove oil (20 mg/L). Blood was taken in serum tubes (MiniCollect® tube) and centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min [31]. Obtained serum samples were stored at −80°C for further biochemical and immunological analysis. For the determination of biochemical parameters, such as GLU (glucose), TPROT (total protein), CHOL (cholesterol), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), and GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), commercial test kits (Bioanalytic Diagnostic Industry, Germany) were used via a spectrophotometer (Optizen POP UV/VIS) [32].

2.7. Statistical Analyses

Statistical differences among the experiment groups were tested by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test by using SPSS for Windows 22.0 program.

3. Results

3.1. Growth Parameters

The difference between the groups was not significant in terms of mean individual live weights . Table 3 reports the values for average weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate obtained at the end of the experiment. The statistical differences between the SFM20 group and the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group in terms of weight gain and specific growth rates were significant , but the difference between these groups was not significant.

3.2. Findings Related to Feed Conversion

In Table 3, the feed conversion ratio is reported. Only differences between the SFM20 group and the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group were statistically significant; it was thought that the usage of 2000 U/kg of the phytase enzyme was effective in decreasing the feed conversion ratio in both groups using 20% safflower meal instead of soybean.

3.3. Findings Related to Digestibility Rate

Table 4 provides the rates of apparent digestibility of the feeds. There was no significant difference among the total rates of digestibility . The phosphorus digestibility of the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group was significant compared with the other groups .

3.4. Total Phosphorus Amount in Feed and Feces

The results obtained in mg/kg are converted to percentages and given in Table 5. It was found that the total amount of phosphorus in the feeds was the lowest in the control group and was statistically significant from other groups . For the amount of phosphorus in the feces, the differences between the SFM10 and the control groups and between the SFM10 and SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ groups were found to be statistically significant .

3.5. Biochemical Composition of Fish and Feces

Table 5 provides the biochemical analysis of the fish and feces values. Difference in the amount of crude protein in the feces in the control group was statistically significant compared with the other groups . The statistical difference between the control group and the SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ group in all biochemical values was not significant, but their values were significantly higher than the other groups .

3.6. Serum Biological Parameters

The results of serum biochemistry are summarized in Table 6. ALP, LDH, TPROT, and triglycerides levels were not statistically different among the feeding groups. ALT and AST in the SFM10 group were statistically different from the control, SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀, and SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ groups . Glucose in SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀ was statistically different from the control and SFM10 groups. Albumin levels were the highest in phytase and SFM20 ± P₂₀₀₀ groups and statistically different from nonphytase groups . The level of cholesterol was statistically significantly higher in the SFM10 ± P₁₀₀₀ group than in SFM10 and SFM20 groups.

4. Discussion

In this study, the use of safflower meal instead of soybean meal and the supplementation of the phytase enzyme did not have any adverse effect on the parameters of growth, feed conversion, and serum biochemistry. Moreover, the use of phytase at doses of 1000 U/kg and 2000 U/kg reduced fecal phosphorus emission and improved growth parameters. The best-performing group in terms of the parameters of growth and feed was the group using 20% safflower meal instead of soybean meal together with 2000 U/kg phytase. Similar results were found by Tiril and Kerim [9], who used safflower meal up to 20%, and by [11] that using rainbow trout using of similar enzyme ratio of our study found 87.0 ± 1.5 g mean weight. Castro et al. [33] observed that the values of 127.07 ± 7.73% obtained from the SFM20 ± P2000 group with an average weight of 4.12 ± 0.7 g exhibited a similar increase in live weight gain (131%) for the group containing 100% soybean meal and the phytase enzyme on the rainbow trout. The specific growth rate was 0.96–1.36% in the study, and it was similar to the values of 0.84%–1.33% found by Jalili et al. [34] in the rainbow trout trial. Dalsgaard et al. [25] found that specific growth rates ranged from 1.7% to 1.9%. The higher values than this study can be due to specific physical and/or environmental conditions and to different biochemical contents of the feed ingredients. Yiğit et al. [27] reported the specific growth rate values of 0.91–0.97%, values lower than those obtained in the present study. These differences could be due to the enzymes used (beta-mannanase and galactosidase) or to differences in the protein contents in the feeds.

Addition of the phytase enzyme on feed conversion did not have any adverse effects but, conversely, led to improvements when compared with the control groups. Adding the phytase enzyme to rainbow trout feeds containing canola meal in Yigit and Keser’s study [22] reported a feed conversion ratio of 1.19 ± 0.01 in the phytase group. Yigit and Keser’s study was consistent with the current study in terms of fish weights and experiment duration, but there were differences in terms of the control group. Yigit et al. [27] tried using the phytase enzyme at two different doses made with soybean-based feeds in their study. At the end of the experiment, they found that the feed conversion ratios of 1.61 ± 0.03 and 1.62 ± 0.06 were higher than this study. These differences can be due to fish size, enzyme source, and different protein sources in the feeds. Haghbayan and Shamsaie Mehrgan [20] found feed conversion ratios of 1.18% and 1.11% in the groups supplemented with the enzyme and 25% and 50% soybean meal, respectively, in their experiment. These values were consistent with the present study.

The addition of the enzyme increased phosphorus digestibility in cold-water fish fed with previously studied vegetable-based feeds. The most effective dosage range for phytase was determined to be 500–1000 U/kg. According to Lemos and Tacon [17], 2000 U/kg doses provided significant results depending on species and temperature. In unison with this, 1000 U/kg and 2000 U/kg phytase enzymes were added in our study, and it is possible to discuss the positive effects of both proportions on digestibility in the findings.

The protein and lipid digestibility rates in this study were acceptable when compared to other studies in which the enzyme was added to the rainbow trout feeds that contain vegetable-based ingredients. Wang et al. [23] studied the effects of rainbow trout feeds containing soybean meal, which are sprayed and supplemented with pretreated phytase, and their protein and lipid digestibility rates were similar to those in this study. Dalsgaard et al. [25] found the average protein digestibility rate to be 94% and average lipid digestibility rate to be 93–94% with rainbow trout feeds containing 1400 U/kg phytase. These values were very similar to the values in groups supplemented with the phytase enzyme in this study, and the similarity in the ratios of phytase addition was notable. Ustaoglu Tiril and Kerim [9] found a protein digestibility rate between 83.54% and 85.44%, which was lower than the values in this study. However, the lipid digestibility rate was between 93.02% and 95.05%, in accordance with our study. According to Vandenberg et al. [24], in the group supplemented with 2000 U/kg and 4000 U/kg, they found protein digestibility ratio to be, respectively, 91.3% and 93.3%. These values were very similar to the values in this study, and it can be deduced that the increased enzyme ratio in the feeds might have had an effect on protein digestibility. Morales et al. [21] reported the protein digestibility rate of 92.0% in the group supplemented with 4000 U/kg phytase, and this value was relatively low compared to the values in this study. This can probably be due to the differences in the initial weights of the fish, although the experimental periods and phytase rates were similar. Yigit et al. [27] found that the lipid digestibility rate was between 80.00% and 89.00%. These values were lower compared with this study, and the differences may be due to different uses of enzymes and ingredient usage rates in the experiments. It can be seen in this study as well as other studies that adding enzymes to feeds may increase protein and lipid digestibility.

Vandenberg et al. [24] calculated the phosphorus digestibility rate to be 75.2% in the group supplemented with 4000 U/kg phytase enzyme. It was also predicted that the cause of the lower values from the phytase groups in our study might be the sources of the enzymes as well as differences in ingredients and ratios used. Diler et al. [11] found the phosphorus digestibility rate to be 74.99–86.58%. These values were similar to those in this study, although the values between 73.2% and 75.7% were lower than those in this study. The differences can be due to different enzyme usage. According to Verlhac-Trichet et al. [26], the phosphorus digestibility rate was 70.6 ± 2.5% in the study of supplemented 2000 U/kg microbial phytase. Although this was lower than the value in this study, it was important in terms of feeds supplemented with phytase increasing the phosphorus digestibility rate. In this study, adding the phytase enzyme to rainbow trout feeds increased the total phosphorus digestibility in phytase-supplemented groups.

By applying phytase in plant protein-based fish diets, the digestibility of phytate-phosphorus will be increased [28]. This situation has been seen in previous studies by Diler et al. and Dalsgaard et al. [11, 25] as well as in this study that adding enzyme to rainbow trout feed reduced total phosphorus in feces. However, the values found in those research studies were higher than those in this study maybe due to the different phosphorus contents in the ingredients used. The addition of the phytase enzyme and safflower meal to rainbow trout feeds did not have any adverse effects on crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash values, as observed in similar studies. The rates of crude protein and crude lipid in this study were 16.20%–20.96% and 3.21%–4.46%, respectively, similar to other studies of rainbow trout [9, 19, 20, 35] The results regarding crude ash in this study were similar to earlier studies of rainbow trout [27, 35].

ALP, LDH, TPROT, and triglyceride levels were not statistically different in feeding groups. The authors of [36] did not find any effects of phytase enzyme on ALP, LDH, and TPROT. Shehab et al. [37] also did not find any statistical difference on triglycerides and total protein levels. Sardar et al. [28] found the effects of microbial phytase on glucose levels on Cyprinus carpio. 1000 IU/kg or 2000 IU/kg phytase in diet did not any negative effect on haemato-biochemical status of fish which might be due to proper utilization of dietary nutrients in presence of supplemental phytase. Present results were in agreement with the findings of Sardar et al. [28] in carps. ALB and AST levels were not affected by the phytase enzyme in the study of Liu et al. [38], and also, triglycerides were not affected on the grass carp trial.

5. Conclusion

As a conclusion, this study reported that use of safflower meal up to 10% instead of soybean meal in the rainbow trout with average weights of 12–13 g has a positive effect on growth performance, body composition, and feed conversion. In addition, the use of microbial phytase at doses of 1000 U/kg and 2000 U/kg reduced phosphorus release and improved growth parameters of fish. Phytase enzyme with safflower meal did not bring any negative effect on serum biochemistry in the rainbow trout. The best-performing group in terms of the parameters of growth and feed was the control group and the group using 20% safflower meal instead of soybean meal together with 2000 U/kg phytase. Supplementing enzymes in rainbow trout feed reduced total phosphorus in feces. Future studies are encouraged to use different enzymes with different safflower meal ratios to compare the effects of the phytase enzyme and other enzymes on other cultured fish in addition to rainbow trout.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Disclosure

This study was summarized from the master thesis of Ismail Berat Cantas.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

Both authors contributed to each stage of the study.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Instructor Training Program which was found by the Turkish Council of Higher Education.

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Copyright © 2020 İsmail Berat Çantaş and Önder Yildirim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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