Impact of Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) on Seed Germination of Soybean

Table 2

Chemical parameters of control and plasma-activated water (PAW).

Chemical parameters	Treatment time (minutes)
	0	5	10	15	20
Nitrate (mg/L)	6.2 ± 0.2^e	7.5 ± 0.2^d	8 ± 0.1^c	8.5 ± 0.1^b	9 ± 0.2^a
Nitrite (mg/L)	0 ± 0.00^d	0 ± 0.00^d	0.5 ± 0.02^c	1 ± 0.02^b	1.4 ± 0.03^a
Sulfur (mg/L)	0.080 ± 0.000^b	0.088 ± 0.005^b	0.09 ± 0.005^ab	0.1 ± 0.004^a	0.11 ± 0.002^a
Calcium (mg/L)	0.15 ± 0.02^a	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.01^a
Sodium (mg/L)	48 ± 0.0^a	45 ± 0.3^b	42 ± 0.0^c	38 ± 0.5^d	35 ± 0.5^e
Phosphorus (mg/L)	0.17 ± 0.03^a	0.14 ± 0.02^ab	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.12 ± 0.00^c	0.11 ± 0.00^d
Chromium (mg/L)	0.95 ± 0.04^a	0.86 ± 0.03^b	0.05 ± 0.04^c	0 ± 0.00^c	0 ± 0.00^c
Manganese (mg/L)	4.4 ± 0.02^a	4.4 ± 0.05^a	4.4 ± 0.04^a	4.4 ± 0.04^a	4.4 ± 0.03^a

All the experiments were performed with five repetitions, and the findings were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE). The significant difference in the mean of the physical and biological parameters of water was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis using GraphPad Prism 8.0.2. Different letters in the same row indicate the significant difference in mean values at .