Metformin and Fibrosis: A Review of Existing Evidence and Mechanisms

Table 1

We use different symbols to indicate the different role of AMPK in these studies. AMPK-dependent mechanisms are identified by , AMPK-independent mechanisms are identified by ^#, and the studies which did not research the role of AMPK are identified by ^&.

Organs	Mechanisms
	TGF-β1 signaling pathways					Other signaling pathways
	Canonical	Noncanonical
	TGF-β1-Smad	MAPK	Wnt	P13K-AKT	mTOR	ROS	Metabolism	Mitochondrial function
Kidney	34^&, 56^#, 60	33^&, 34^&	—	82^&	88	94	32	—
Heart	25^#	75^#	75	75, 86^&	29	29, 91^&, 92	—	—
Lung	54, 55, 57	54, 55	—	—	18	55, 57, 93	—	18
Liver	53^&, 61	69, 72	81^#	69, 83, 85^#	69	83	97, 100^&, 101	—
Adipose	37	73^&	—	—	—	—	—	103^#
Peritoneal	41^#	41^#	41^#	—	—	41^#	—	—
Peritendinous	42	42	—	—	—	—	—	—
Endometrium	—	70^&	—	70^&	—	—	—	—
Skin	—	—	—	84	—	—	—	—