Understanding the Antinutritional Factors and Bioactive Compounds of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense)

Table 5

Bioactive compounds found in kodo/little millets.

Bioactive compounds
Compounds	IUPAC name	Chemical formula	Health benefits	Kodo/Little	References
Catechin	(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromene-3,5,7-triol	C15H14O6	Anticancer, anti-obesity, and helps in treatment for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease	Kodo	Khan et al. [56]; shankar et al. [57]; singh et al. [58]
Naringin	7-[[2-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	C27H32O14	Anti-apoptotic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-osteoporotic	Kodo	Wang et al. [59]
p-Coumaric acid	(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid	C9H8O3	Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, reduces lipid peroxidation, cholesterol oxidation, and LDP	Kodo	Boz, [60]; Kannan et al. [61]; Ferguson et al. [62]
Taxifolin	(2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	C15H14O6	Anti-inflammatory	Kodo	Gupta et al. [63]
Ferulic acid	(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid	C10H10O4	Antithrombotic, anti-allergic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, hepta-protective, vasodilatory effect	Kodo	Graf, [64]; Akihisa et al. [65]; Oosterveld et al. [66]; Rukkumani et al. [67]
Sinapic acid	3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid	C11H12O5	Anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory	Kodo	Connelly et al. [68]
Pterin-6-carboxylic acid	2-Amino-4-oxo-3h-pteridine-6-carboxylic acid	C7H5N5O3	Antitumor	Kodo	Hadi et al. [69]
Campesterol	(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	C28H48O	Lowers cholesterol, shows anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive effect	Kodo	Choi et al. [70]
Kaempferol	3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone	C15H10O6	Lowers the risk of chronic diseases	Little	Pradeep & Sreerama, [71]
Luteolin	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	C15H10O6	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Little	Pradeep & Sreerama, [25]; Dykes & Rooney, [72]
Apigenin	5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one	C15H10O5	Antidiabetic, antirheumatic, anticancerous	Little	Thakur & Tiwari, [73]