Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Developing Countries and Their Food Safety Guidelines

Table 2

Parasites isolated from notable vegetables.

Type of salad vegetable	Parasites isolated	Reference number
Lettuce	Cryptosporidium spp., Microsporidia spp., Cyclospora spp., Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Hymenolepis nana, Ostertagia circumcincta, Cooperia spp., Fischoederius cobboldi, Fasciola hepatica, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura, Balantidium coli, Hookworm, and Trichostrongylus spp.	[32, 91–97]
Cabbage	Balantidium coli, Fischoederius cobboldi, Fasciola hepatica, Entamoeba histolytica, Diphyllobothrium, Ascaris lumbricoides, cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, and Trichuris trichiura	[92–95, 98, 99]
Carrot	Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura, and Cyclospora cayetanensis	[6, 93, 95, 99]
Cucumber	Fasciola hepatica, Entamoeba histolytica, and cryptosporidium spp.	[92, 93]
Green Onion	Cryptosporidium spp., Microsporidia spp., Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm eggs, and Taenia spp.	[91, 97]
Onion	Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Hookworm ova	[6, 98, 100]
Tomatoes	Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Fasciolopsis buski, Hookworm ova, and Taenia spp.	[6, 33, 93, 95]
Radish	Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm eggs, Taenia spp., Taenia/Echinococcus, H. nana, Trichostrongylus spp., Giardia lamblia, Fasciola hepatica, Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum	[97, 101]
Spinach	Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura, Entamoeba coli, Trichostrongylus spp., Toxocara spp., H. nana, Taenia spp., and Isospora spp.	[94, 95, 102]
Parsley	Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm eggs, Taenia spp., Hymenolepsis nana, Trichostrongylus spp., Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia, Trichostrongylus spp., Fasciola hepatica, Blastocystis hominis, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum	[97, 103]
Rocket	Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia, Cocci spp., and Balantidium coli	[96]