Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Developing Countries and Their Food Safety Guidelines

Table 3

Highlights on pathogens identified among various developing countries.

Country	Salad ingredients	Microbes/parasites identified	Reference number
Africa
Ghana	Cabbage, tomato, onion, and lettuce	Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus spp., and Salmonella spp.	[63]
Ghana	Lettuce, cabbage, onion, cucumber, and tomato	Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillus spp.	[48]
Ghana	Raw mixed vegetable salads	Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., S. faecalis, and Pseudomonas spp.	[11]
Ghana	Salad (leaves and fresh vegetables)	Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Citrobacter spp.	[53]
Ghana	Salad (leaves and fresh vegetables)	Salmonella spp. and Helminth eggs	[74]
Ghana	Cucumber, carrot, onions, tomatoes, and cabbage	Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Cystoisospora belli, and Toxoplasma gondii, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Taenia spp., Moniezia spp., and Fasciola spp.	[108]
Ghana	Cabbage, lettuce, carrot, and green pepper	Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Moniezia spp., Entamoeba coli, Toxocara spp., Taenia spp., Fasciola hepatica, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, and Toxoplasma gondii	[2]
Nigeria	Vegetable salad	Listeria monocytogenes	[57]
Nigeria	Carrot, lettuce, cabbage, and cucumber	Mucor spp., A. fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas	[72]
Nigeria	Vegetable salads	Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp.	[84]
Nigeria	Ready-to-eat vegetable salads	Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Aeromonas hydrophila	[83]
Nigeria	Fresh vegetable salads	Aeromonas spp., Serratia species, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Aspergillus spp., and Rhizopus spp.	[47]
Nigeria	Vegetable salads	Enterobacter spp. and Streptococcus spp.	[46]
Nigeria	Cabbage, lettuce, carrot, and cream	Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp.	[87]
Nigeria	Vegetable salads	Acinetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter freundii	[61]
Ethiopia	Vegetable salads	Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7	[50]
Ivory Coast	Tomatoes, onion, cucumber, and lettuce	E coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella	[75]
Kenya	Kachumbari (dhania, onions, tomatoes, and chilli)	Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7	[64]
Kenya	Onion, lettuce, carrot, tomatoes, cabbage, chilli, coriander, and green capsicum	Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp.	[65]
Egypt	Cucumber, carrot, onions, tomatoes, cabbage, and parsley	Shigella, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus	[167]
Egypt	Arugula, coriander, parsley, celery dill, lettuce, cucumber, tomato, green pepper, and mint	Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella	[73]
Asia
Pakistan	Lettuce, tomato, onion, cucumber, and carrot	Escherichia coli O157:H7	[69]
Pakistan	Vegetable salads	Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., Citrobacter spp., Pantoea spp., Bacillus species, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[86]
Iran	Lettuce, coleslaw, cucumber, carrot, and tomato	Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Geotrichum, Trityracium, and Aspergillus	[56]
Iran	Vegetable salads	Helicobacter pylori	[60]
Iran	Lettuce, cabbage, tomato, cucumber, and carrot	Escherichia coli O157:H7	[59]
Iran	Vegetable salads	Yeast, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and parasitic eggs	[68]
Iran	Lettuce	Shigella spp.	[77]
Iran	Mixed fresh cut vegetable salads	Yeast, mould, E coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus	[52]
India	Ready-to-eat green vegetable salads	Listeria spp. and Yersinia spp.	[58]
Saudi Arabia	Tabbouleh, Fattoush, Hummus, Mutabbel, and Caesar	Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and E. aerogenes	[76]
Saudi Arabia	Tabbouleh, Fattoush, Hummus, Mutabbel, and Caesar	Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter, Serratia marcescens. Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Kluyvera cryocrescens, Enterobacter spp., Pantoea spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7	[168]
Bangladesh	Cucumber, tomato, and carrot	E coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Salmonella spp.	[67]
Latin America and the Caribbean
Mexico	Vegetable salad samples	Salmonella	[169]
Mexico	Lettuce, tomato, onion, cucumber, carrot, spinach, mushrooms, watercress, wheat sprouts, and radish	E coli, faecal coliform, and diarrhoeagenic E coli pathotypes	[170]
Brazil	Lettuce, carrot, cabbage, spinach, collard green, and watercress	Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella	[171]
Brazil	Kale, cabbage, lettuce, onion, parsley, chicory, spinach, arugula, watercress, carrot, collard green, and escarole	Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella	[172, 173]
Brazil	Cabbage, kale, lettuce, spinach, parsley, and collard green	Cronobacter spp.	[174]
Brazil	Lettuce	Balantidium coli, Giardia spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba spp., and Strongyloides stercoralis	[175]
Chile	Vegetable salads	Listeria monocytogenes	[176]

Italicized words indicates scientific names of microrganisms (Genus and Species).