Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Biomass Growth, Mineral Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Tomato Plants under Drought Stress

Table 2

Effect of AMF on photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, and mineral content in tomatoes grown in soil under drought stress (3 varieties, 5 replications, and 5 treatments with one control).

Variety

Treatments

Chlorophyll a in leaves (mg·g^−1·FW)

Chlorophyll b in leaves (mg·g^−1·FW)

Total chlorophyll in leaves (mg·g^−1·FW)

Carotenoid in leaves (mg·g^−1·FW)

Catalase in leaves (mM·min^−1·mg^−1·P)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves (µm·g^−1·FW)

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves (mM·min^−1·mg^−1·P)

Malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves (µm·min^−1·g^−1·FW)

Sodium (Na) in fruits (mg·kg^−1)

Potassium (K) in fruits (mg·kg^−1)

Calcium (Ca) in fruits (mg·kg^−1)

Magnesium (Mg) in fruits (mg·kg^−1)

Iron (Fe) in fruits (mg·kg^−1)

Unnayan (V1)

CL149: Acaulospora morrowiae (T1)

0.01 ± 0.0015^a

0.003 ± 0.00012^a

0.01 ± 0.0017^a

5.39 ± 0.62^a

0.003 ± 0.0004^bc

256.15 ± 26.5^abc

0.11 ± 0.043^ab

0.03 ± 0.007^ab

1.03 ± 0.15^j

1514 ± 37^e

16 ± 0.81^k

106 ± 7.16^fgh

8 ± 0.24^hij

CL699: Paraglomus occultum (T2)

0.01 ± 0.00047^a

0.003 ± 0.00014^a

0.01 ± 0.0062^a

5.73 ± 0.13^a

0.011 ± 0.0035^a

301.27 ± 29^ab

0.02 ± 0.001^bc

0.02 ± 0.009^ab

47.17 ± 0.26^b

1915 ± 75^abc

35 ± 1.53^fgh

136 ± 6.91^de

3 ± 0.19^jk

CA201: Funneliformis mosseae (T3)

0.01 ± 0.0016^a

0.004 ± 0.00055^a

0.01 ± 0.0021^a

6.70 ± 0.47^a

0.005 ± 0.0005^bc

236.65 ± 46.5^abc

0.05 ± 0.041^abc

0.03 ± 0.006^ab

30.37 ± 0.46^d

2069 ± 43^ab

39 ± 1.86^efg

117 ± 3.29^ef

10 ± 0.34^ghi

BR143A: Rhizophagus clarus (T4)

0.01 ± 0.0011^a

0.004 ± 0.00065^a

0.01 ± 0.0011^a

6.10 ± 0.30^a

0.003 ± 0.0004^bc

223.63 ± 1.75^abc

0.14 ± 0.034^a

0.01 ± 0.014^ab

16.81 ± 0.48^fg

1970 ± 49^abc

22 ± 1.78^jk

282 ± 9.58^b

15±1^g

WV116: Rhizophagus intraradices (T5)

0.01 ± 0.0014^a

0.004 ± 0.00011^a

0.01 ± 0.0013^a

5.91 ± 0.53^a

0.007 ± 0.0002^ab

262.30 ± 17.2^abc

0.06 ± 0.003^abc

0.01 ± 0.003^ab

36.03 ± 0.42^c

1651 ± 43^de

42 ± 0.39^def

111 ± 0.81^fgh

84 ± 0.62^b

Control (T6)

0.01 ± 0.0012^a

0.004 ± 0.00084^a

0.01 ± 0.0016^a

5.38 ± 0.53^a

0.005 ± 0.0010^bc

220.66 ± 2.8^abc

0.01 ± 0.005^c

0.03 ± 0.011^ab

13.05 ± 0.42^ghi

1791 ± 36^cd

29 ± 1.28^hij

123 ± 1.36^ef

2 ± 0.34^k

LT896 (V2)

CL149: Acaulospora morrowiae (T1)

0.01 ±0 .00052^a

0.004 ± 0.00019^a

0.01 ± 0.0007^a

6.03 ± 0.40^a

0.002 ± 0.0002^bc

255.64 ± 10.5^abc

0.01 ± 0.0006^c

0.06 ± 0.022^ab

28.57 ± 0.50^d

1665 ± 72^de

59 ± 0.82^b

115±4^efg

65 ± 1.69^cd

CL699: Paraglomus occultum (T2)

0.01 ±0 .00056^a

0.004 ± 0.00026^a

0.01 ± 0.0008^a

6.37 ± 0.27^a

0.004 ± 0.0005^bc

250.30 ± 8.2^abc

0.03 ± 0.004^bc

0.009 ± 0.004^ab

47.17 ± 1.17^b

1753 ± 41c^de

35 ± 1.04^fgh

177±1^c

68 ± 1.33^c

CA201: Funneliformis mosseae (T3)

0.01 ±0 .00090^a

0.004 ± 0.00030^a

0.01 ± 0.0012^a

6.45 ± 0.40^a

0.004 ± 0.0020^bc

220.96 ± 34.6^abc

0.04 ± 0.012^bc

0.007 ± 0.004^b

10.62 ± 0.26^i

1923 ± 32^abc

52 ± 1.26^bc

118 ± 3.80^ef

4 ± 0.46^ijk

BR143A: Rhizophagus clarus (T4)

0.01 ±0 .00057^a

0.003 ± 0.00025^a

0.01 ± 0.0008^a

5.89 ± 0.40^a

0.002 ± 0.0004^bc

166.74 ± 8.3^bc

0.03 ± 0.008^bc

0.015 ± 0.004^ab

29.46 ± 0.34^d

1960 ± 43^abc

71 ± 1.82^a

316 ± 3.67^a

37 ± 1.39^f

WV116: Rhizophagus intraradices (T5)

0.01 ±0 .00080^a

0.003 ± 0.00063^a

0.01 ± 0.0004^a

5.45 ± 0.21^a

0.004 ± 0.0013^bc

237.83 ± 22^abc

0.03 ± 0.009^bc

0.009 ± 0.006^ab

44.46 ± 0.60^b

1933 ± 32^abc

48 ± 1.45^cd

146 ± 0.65^d

13 ± 0.81^gh

Control (T6)

0.01 ±0 .00073^a

0.005 ± 0.00028^a

0.01 ± 0.0010^a

6.67 ± 0.34^a

0.002 ± 0.0013^bc

354.37 ± 39.7^a

0.03 ± 0.011^bc

0.05 ± 0.006^ab

59.71 ± 2.18^a

1830 ± 33^bcd

43 ± 1.48^de

113 ± 0.91^fgh

11 ± 0.61^gh

Minto super (V3)

CL149: Acaulospora morrowiae (T1)

0.01 ± 0.0012^a

0.005 ± 0.00052^a

0.01 ± 0.0017^a

6.87 ± 0.42^a

0.002 ± 0.0006^bc

213.81 ± 1.9b^c

0.04 ± 0.011^bc

0.05 ± 0.013^ab

28.39 ± 0.72^d

2042 ± 38^ab

42 ± 1.52^def

96 ± 1.81^ghi

92 ± 0.80^a

CL699: Paraglomus occultum (T2)

0.01 ± 0.00039^a

0.005 ± 0.00011^a

0.01 ± 0.0002^a

6.66 ± 0.14^a

0.001 ± 0.0005^c

253.52 ± 15.6^abc

0.04 ± 0.005^bc

0.06 ± 0.009^a

19.03 ± 0.37^ef

1853 ± 38^bcd

30 ± 1.36^hi

92±1^hi

10 ± 0.26^ghi

CA201: Funneliformis mosseae (T3)

0.01 ± 0.0016^a

0.004 ± 0.00066^a

0.01 ± 0.0023^a

6.30 ± 0.63^a

0.005 ± 0.0004^bc

242.07 ± 59^abc

0.03 ± 0.010^bc

0.05 ± 0.009^ab

21.93 ± 0.93^e

2113 ± 69^a

38 ± 0.68^efg

84±2^ij

60 ± 1.82^d

BR143A: Rhizophagus clarus (T4)

0.01 ± 0.00031^a

0.004 ± 0.00032^a

0.01 ± 0.0003^a

5.68 ± 0.14^a

0.002 ± 0.0005^bc

159.60 ± 7.9^c

0.02 ± 0.007^c

0.04 ± 0.008^ab

12.35 ± 0.48^hi

1927 ± 32^abc

27 ± 1.26^ij

69 ± 1.23^j

13 ± 0.61^gh

WV116: Rhizophagus intraradices (T5)

0.01 ± 0.00034^a

0.004 ± 0.00021^a

0.01 ± 0.0006^a

6.22 ± 0.18^a

0.001 ± 0.0004^bc

279.19 ± 14.8^abc

0.03 ± 0.006^bc

0.03 ± 0.018^ab

11.47 ± 0.39^hi

1873 ± 59^abcd

55 ± 1.28^bc

108 ± 2.77^fgh

61 ± 1.76^d

Control (T6)

0.01 ± 0.00023^a

0.004 ± 0.00016^a

0.01 ± 0.0001^a

6.04 ± 0.11^a

0.001 ± 0.0010^bc

145.82 ± 15.7^c

0.04 ± 0.010^bc

0.02 ± 0.004^ab

14.89 ± 0.23^gh

1923 ± 30^abc

34 ± 1.07^gh

77 ± 1.26^ij

53 ± 1.52^e

Mean ± SE with different lower case letter(s) indicates a significant difference at ; the total number of observations was n = 90.