Recent Research Advancements of Coffee Quality Detection: Targeted Analyses vs. Nontargeted Fingerprinting and Related Issues

Table 3

List of papers with targeted analytical approaches to detect coffee adulteration.

Analytical methods		Year	Markers	Adulterants/quality issues	Data processing method	Author
LC	HPAEC-PAD	2006	Total glucose and total xylose	Commercial soluble coffee that is not all pure	Mixture model with the probability density of an observation x read as	Girard et al. [67]
	HPAEC-PAD	2009	Galactose, mannose, mannitol, arabinose, xylose, and glucose	Mixture of coffee, husks, and corn in different proportions	FA, HA, and ANNOVA	Garcia et al. [68]
	HPAEC-PAD	2018	Mannitol, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, and fructose	Berry powder, black corn, and barley	—	Pan et al. [69]
	HPAEC-PAD and postcolumn derivatization HPLC-UV-vis	2014	Galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides	Triticale and acai seeds	PCA	Domingues et al. [70]
	UPLC-HRMS	2016	17 oligosaccharides	Soybeans and rice	PLS-DA	Cai et al. [18]
	HPLC	2007	γ-tocopherol	Corn	One-way analysis of variance	Jham et al. [71]
	HPLC and NIR	2015	Tocopherols	Corn	MLR and PLSR	Winkler et al. [72]
	HPLC-FLD	2016	Free tocopherols	Roasted husks, cleaned roasted husks, and roasted maize	Regression analysis, PCA、SIMCA、LDA	Tavares et al. [73]
	UPLC	2016	Phenolic acids	Different varieties and degrees of roasting	PCA	Górnaś et al. [74]
	UPLC-MS	2016	Phenolic compounds	Different geographical origins	LDA	Mehari et al. [75]
	HPLC-ESI-MS	2016	Homostachydrine	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	—	Servillo et al. [50]
	LC-HRMS	2019	PDE 5 inhibitors	PDE 5 inhibitors	—	Yusop et al. [76]
	LC-HRMS	2019	PDE 5 inhibitors	PDE 5 inhibitors	—	Yusop et al. [77]
GC	GC	2001	Fatty acid profiles	Discrimination of green Arabica, roasted Arabica, green Robusta, and roasted Robusta	PCA and LDA	Martı́n et al. [78]
	GC	2003	Fatty acid profile	Discrimination of green or roasted Arabica and Robusta	CA and CVA (canonical variates analysis), and DA	Alves et al. [79]
	GC-FID	2014	Fatty acids	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	ANNOVA, PCA, AM, and MLRM	Romano et al. [80]
	GC	2021	Fatty acids	Discrimination of green and roasted beans, Arabica and Robusta beans	PCA, LDA, CA, and NNA	Hung et al. [51]
	GC-FID	2012	Diterpenes	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	One-way ANOVA and PCA	Pacetti et al. [81]
	LC-GC-FID	2021	16-OMC	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	—	Kresse et al. [82]
TLC	TLC-GC	1999	Sterols	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	PCR	Valdenebro et al. [83]
	TLC-GC	2016	TAG	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	LDA	Cossignani et al. [52]
CE	CE	2009	Monosaccharides	Cereals and coffee husks	—	Nogueira and do Lago [84]
	CE-MS/MS	2018	Monosaccharides	Corn and soybean	PCA	Daniel et al. [32]
Others	EM	2017	—	Acai fruit powder, fried barley powder, and black corn powder	—	Liu et al. [25]
	Digital image	2015	—	Coffee husks and sticks	SPA-LDA, SIMCA, and PLS-DA	Souto et al. [85]
	Digital image	2021	—	Chicory and barley	CNN	Lopez et al. [58]
	Colorimetric sensor	2010	—	Different roasted temperatures and times	PCA and HCA	Suslick et al. [86]
	Colorimetric sensor	2018	—	Different degrees of roasting	PCA and HCA	Kim et al. [56]
	PCR	2016	—	Barley, corn, and rice	—	Ferreira et al. [87]
	PCR	2018	—	Discrimination of Arabica and Robusta coffee	—	Combes et al. [57]
	DSC	2017	—	Corn	PCA and PLS	Brondi et al. [31]
	DTG	2022	—	Corn, coffee husks, and sticks	PLS-DA	Pereira et al. [59]
	Immunological technique	2021	—	Tadalafil (TDL)	—	Suryoprabowo et al. [88]

“—” denotes the method is targeted but not aimed at finding specific chemical compounds.