Research Article

Production and Biochemical, Phytochemical, Sensory, and Microbiological Characterization of “Bili-Bili” and “Cochette,” Two Traditional Beers Produced from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Rice (Oryza sativa)

Table 2

Overall information from “bili-bili” and “cochette” surveys.

Parameters“Bili-bili”“Cochette”

ProducersPercentPercent
GenderFemale (100%)Female (100%)
Origin of producersCameroon (69.2%); Chad (30.8%)Chad (100%)
Age of producers (years)[20–30] (46.2%); [30–40] (53.8%)[20–30] (83.3%); [30–40] (16.7%)
Experience (years)2 (15.4%); 3 (30.8%); 4 (23.1%); 5 (7.7%); 6 (15.3%); 7 (0%); 8 (7.7%)1 (50%); 2 (30.3%); 3 (19.7%)
Production sites“Pont-vert” (28%); Domayo (27%); Palar (19%); Ouro-tchédé (14%); Pitaore (6%); Harde (6%)“Pont-vert” (16.7%); Palar (50%); Pitoare (33.3%)
Potential cereals usedSorghum (red, white, and yellow varieties); maizeRice (variety from Yagoua); sorghum
Main cereals usedYellow (80%) and red (20%) sorghumRice (100%)
Supply periodAll the year (53.8%); February-March (7.7%); February-March-October-November (15.4%); February-March-November (15.4%); February-October-November (7.7%)All the year (100%)
Seeds condition during processingMalted (100%)Not malted (83.3%), malted (16.7%)
Production critical stagesMalting-cooking (38.4%); malting-cooking-fermentation (15.4%); cooking (15.4%); cooking-fermentation (15.4%); malting-fermentation (7.7%); fermentation (7.7%)Fermentation (66.6%); cooking fermentation (16.7%); none (16.7%)
Fermentation time (h)9 (15.4%); [9-10] (53.8%); 10 (23.1%); 11 (7.7%)8 (66.6%); [8-9] (16.7%); 9 (16.7%)
Production time (days)6 (69.2%); 7 (23.1%); [6–8] (7.7%)[4-5] (16.7%); 5 (93.3%)
Producers’ incomes (%)50 (69.2%); 50–75 (7.7%); 75–100 (7.7%); depending on the market (15.4%)50 (83.3%); 50–100 (16.7%)

ConsumersPercentPercent
Consumption rate93.1%6.9%
Factors that provide maturity of the productAlcohol content and foam (30.8%); color, alcohol content, and bitterness (23.1%); bitterness and color (23.1%); bitterness (15.4%); color and the alcohol content (7.6%)Alcohol content (66.6%); alcohol content and foam (16.7%); bitterness (16.7%)
Health adverse effects after consumption of the beverageVomiting (33.3%); diarrhoea (33.3%); headaches (33.3%)Diarrhoea (50%); headaches (50%)