Production and Biochemical, Phytochemical, Sensory, and Microbiological Characterization of “Bili-Bili” and “Cochette,” Two Traditional Beers Produced from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Rice (Oryza sativa)

Table 5

Mean microbial loads of different microbial groups in “bili-bili” and “cochette” samples from various selling places of Maroua city.

Microbial groups (cfu/mL)	Sampling sites (bili-bili)
	Palar (n = 10)	Domayo (n = 10)	Ouro-tchede (n = 10)	Pont-vert (n = 10)	values^∗	Standard
Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria	(1.50 ± 0.07)10^11a	(2.00 ± 0.05)10^11b	(1.70 ± 0.04)10^11c	(1.90 ± 0.09)10^11b	0.016	<10^6
Total coliforms	(3.20 ± 0.35)10^6a	(9.75 ± 1.06)10^6b	(1.1 ± 0.14)10^6c	(5.95 ± 3.48)10^6d	0.000	<10^3
Fecal coliforms	Nil	Nil	(6.50 ± 2.12)10^2b	(1.5 ± 0.21)10^3c	0.002	<10^2
Total fungi	(2.50 ± 0.70)10^8a	(1.50 ± 0.63)10^10b	(2.50 ± 0.53)10^8a	(2.00 ± 0.01)10^8a	0.019	<10^5
Total aerobic and mesophilic spore-forming bacteria	(2.10 ± 0.70)10^6a	(1.60 ± 0.13)10^6a	(1.90 ± 0.35)10^6a	(3.10 ± 0.28)10^6b	0.046	<10^4
Fecal Streptococci	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	<10^3
Sulphite reducing Clostridia	(2.25 ± 0.35)10^2a	(1.40 ± 0.14)10^2b	(3.40 ± 0.56)10^2c	(4.70 ± 0.28)10^2d	0.003	<10^5
Salmonella/Shigella	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	0/20 g
Staphylococci spp.	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	<10^2
Microbial groups (cfu/mL)	Sampling sites (cochette)
	Palar 1 (n = 12)	Palar 2 (n = 12)	Pitoare (n = 16)	values^∗	Standard
Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria	(1.50 ± 0.70)10^10a	(1.10 ± 0.42)10^10a	(1.20 ± 0.28)10^10a	0.734	<10^6
Total coliforms	(1.90 ± 0.21)10^6a	(1.80 ± 0.50)10^7a	(1.00 ± 0.63)10^7a	0.256	<10^3
Fecal coliforms	(3.20 ± 0.14)10^3a	(8.40 ± 0.84)10^3b	(5.40 ± 0.56)10^3a	0.007	<10^2
Total fungi	(7.50 ± 0.70)10^7a	(7.50 ± 2.12)10^7a	(7.00 ± 1.43)10^7a	0.932	<10^5
Total mesophilic spore-forming bacteria	(1.10 ± 0.21)10^6a	(2.20 ± 1.01)10^7a	(1.50 ± 0.70)10^6a	0.055	<10^4
Fecal Streptococci	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	<10^3
Sulphite-reducing Clostridia	(2.80 ± 0.28)10^2a	(8.50 ± 0.70)10^2b	(2.20 ± 0.38)10^2a	0.001	<10^5
Salmonella/Shigella	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	0/20 g
Staphylococci spp.	Nil	Nil	Nil	—	<10^2

Two or more mean microbial values with the same lower case superscript letters are not significantly different ( > 0.05) in the same row. p values^∗ lower than 0.05 indicate significant differences in mean values of samples among the different locations.