Review Article

Diversity of Production Techniques and Microbiology of African Cereal-Based Traditional Fermented Beverages

Table 5

Microorganisms involved in the fermentation processes of African traditional fermented alcoholic beverages.

BeverageMicroorganisms/taxonomic toolReference

Burukutu (sorghum)Aspergillus aceti, A. hansenii, A. pasteurianus, L.plantarum, L.brevis, L. fermentum; S. cerevisiae, B. licheniformis, Flavobacterium spp., Candida mycoderma, Hansenula anomala, S. diastaticus, and L. fermentum. (API 50 CHL and 16S rRNA gene sequencing)Sanni et al. [192]; Lyumugabe et al. [22]; Eze, et al. [193]; and Kolawole et al. [21]
Pito (maize/sorghum)Acetobacter aceti, Aspergillus hansenii, A. pasteurianus, Flavobacterium spp., Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lb. brevis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, A. aceti, L. buchneri, Micrococcus varians, B. licheniformis L. fermentum, Candida spp. Lactococcus delbrueckii, Pediococcus. acidilactici, Lactobacillus lactis, and Leuconostoc lactis (cultural, morphological, and biochemical characterization)Sanni et al. [192]
Bantu beer (maize/sorghum)Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida spp., L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. brevisDirar [194]
Amgba (sorghum and millets)Cryptococcus albidius var albidius, C. melibiosica, Debaryomyces hansenii var hansenii, Dekkera bruxelensis, Rodotorula mucilaginosa and Torulaspora delbrueckii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria (PCR/RFLP, partial sequencing of 26S of rDNA)Nanadoum et al. [30]
Kodo ko jaanr (millets, barley)Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Pediococcus pentosaceus and anomala, L. bifermentans, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizopus chinensis and stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata. (Cultural, MBC)Prakash Tamang and Thapa [195]
Bhaati jaanr (rice)Amylomyces rouxii, Rhizopus oryzae, Endomycopsis fibuligera, S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus faecalis, P. pentosaceus (biochemical tests, API 50 CHL)Nout [196]
Tchoukoutou (sorghum, millet, maize)Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus spp., acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, bacilli, Saccharomyces, Candida, Hansenula spp.Prakash et al. [31, 197]
Bouza (buza) (Wheat, maize, millet, sorghum)Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Rhodotorula glutinis, Debaromyces hansenii, Candida parapsilosis, Trichosporon fennicum, and LAB including Leuconostoc spp. (cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization)Adegoke et al., [198];
Merissa (sorghum or millet)Lactococcus lactis, Aspergillus aceti, Aspergillus hansenii, Aspergillus pasteurianus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. lactis, L. delbrueckii, Alcaligenes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus spp. Candida spp. Bacillus licheniformis, Flavobacterium spp., Candida mycoderma, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Bacillus spp. Rhodotorula spp. Pediococcus acidilactici (API 50 CHL, ITS-PCR/RFLP, (PFGE), 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MALDI-TOF)Sanni et al. [192]; Jespersen [161]
Chibuku (sorghum)Lactococcus lactis, Aspergillus aceti, Aspergillus hansenii, Aspergillus pasteurianus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. lactis, L. delbrueckii, Alcaligenes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus spp. Candida spp., Bacillus licheniformis, Flavobacterium spp., Candida mycoderma, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Bacillus spp. Rhodotorula spp. Pediococcus acidilactici (PCR-DGGE, PCR-RFLP, API 20 C kit, ABI 3130 genetic analyzer, API 50 CHL system)Sanni et al. [192]; Jespersen [161]
Dolo (sorghum)Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida inconspicua, Issatchenkia orientalis, Candida magnolia, Candida humilis, L. fermentum, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. (API 20 C kit, PCR -sequencing, ABI 3130 genetic analyzer, API 50 CHL system)Jespersen [161]; Sawadogo-Lingani et a. [36, 199]
Ikigage (sorghum)Aspergillus aceti, Aspergillus hansenii, Aspergillus pasteurianus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. brevis, Alcaligenes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus spp., Candida spp., Bacillus licheniformis, Flavobacterium spp., Candida mycoderma, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Bacillus spp. Rhodotorula spp.Lyumugabe, et al. [92]
Tchapalo (sorghum)L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. plantarum, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicun, Weissella confusa, and L. plantarum (API 50 CHL and ID 32C)Sanni et al. [192]; Muyanja et al. [35]
Bushera (sorghum, millet)Lactobacillus plantarum, Corynebacterium, Aerobacter, Candida mycoderma, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula, Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, L. plantarum Corynebacterium, S. cerevisiae, Candida mycoderma. L. fermentum biotypecellobiosus, L. brevis,, L. curvatus, L. buchneri, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. helveticus, L. pantheris, L. vaccinostercus, L. bifermentans, L. nantensis, Candida humicola, C. krusei, Geotrichum spp., Cryptococcus spp., Trichosporon spp., C. krusei, Clavispora lusitaniae, S. cerevisiae. (API kit, PCR-DGGE and partial 26S rRNA gene sequencing, 16S clone library and PCR-DGGE)Oguntoyinbo et al. [59]; Greppi et al. [200]
Ogi (maize, sorghum, millet)Cryptococcus albidius var albidius, Candida melibiosica, Debaryomyces hansenii var hansenii, Dekkera bruxellensis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii (5). S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus (PCR/RFLP, partial sequencing of 26S of rDNA and sequences)Nanadoum et al. [34]
Bili bili (maize, sorghum, millet)(S. cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis, C. tropicalis, C. pararugosa, C. diversa, C. boidinii, C. lactiscondes, C. lambica, C. norvegica, C. inconspicua, Pi. fermentans, Pi. norvegensis, R. mucilaginosa, R. araucariae and T. delbrueckii) and lactic acid bacteria, L. confusus, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. coryniformis, Lb. sanfrancisco, L. coprophilus, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. brevis, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Leu. mesenteroides, Leu.oenos, Leu. raffinolactis, Lc. lactis, W. confusa (RAPD PCR, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, API 50 CHL and API ZYM galleries)Nanadoum et al. [34]
Boza (millet, maize, wheat, and rice)Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. delbrueckii, L. fermentum, Lb. pentosus, and L. curvatus ssp. curvatus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. sakazakii, Pseudomonas luteola, P. aeruginosa, and Serratia ficaria. (API 50 CH/CHL and API 20E media.sequences)Heperkana et al. [201]; Hancıoğlu and Karapınar, [202]; Tamer et al. [203]; Botes et al. [204]
Oshikundu (millet, sorghum)Lactococcus, Weissella, Leuconostoc, Aeromonas, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Acinetobacter (Rep-PCR and 16S rRNA)Embashu et al. [18]
Finger millet slurries (millet)Leuconostoc lactis, Lc. mesenteroides, L. plantarum, L. brevis, W. viridescens, E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. mundtii, E. durans, Pediococcus acidilactici and yeast species (ISR-PCR fingerprinting, RAPD-PCR, 16S–23S ISR, RAPD-M13 and 16S rRNA)Gabaza et al. [20]

Note. MBC, morphological and biochemical characterization.