Prognostic Analysis of Elderly Patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Xiao, Kun; Liu, Bin; Guan, Wei; Yan, Peng; Song, Licheng; Wang, Yue; Xie, Lixin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6432048

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 6432048 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6432048

Prognostic Analysis of Elderly Patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Kun Xiao,¹Bin Liu,¹Wei Guan,¹Peng Yan,¹Licheng Song,¹Yue Wang,²and Lixin Xie¹

Academic Editor: Haihong Zhang

Received27 Oct 2019

Accepted17 Feb 2020

Published19 Mar 2020

Abstract

Objective. To prospectively investigate early prognostic assessments of patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in the Elderly (MODSE) who were receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods. The clinical data of 351 patients were enrolled prospectively between January 2013 and January 2018. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), APACHE III, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II), and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) were calculated. According to the outcome of 28-day, the patients were divided into survivors and nonsurvivors. Additionally, based on whether weaning could be implemented, all patients were divided into a successful-weaning group and a failure-to-wean group. Results. According to the prognosis, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS scoring systems were 0.837, 0.833, 0.784, and 0.860, respectively. MODS exhibited the highest sensitivity, whereas APACHE II showed the highest specificity, and successful weaning was conducive to ameliorating patients’ prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that underlying lung disease, plasma albumin, serum creatinine level, number of failing organs, and IMV duration were related to prognosis of weaning, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.447, 0.820, 1.603, 2.374, and 3.105, respectively. Conclusions. The APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS systems could perform excellent prognostic assessment for patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in the elderly. Underlying lung disease, plasma albumin, serum creatinine, number of failing organs, and IMV duration were independent prognostic factors of weaning in MODSE patients with invasive mechanical ventilation.

1. Introduction

Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is a life support measure that is widely applied in clinics and greatly improves the symptoms and prognosis of patients with respiratory failure, especially for those patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in the Elderly (MODSE). However, previous study had demonstrated that long duration of IMV could lead to poor outcome [1] and would be an independent predictor of increasing hospital-mortality [2, 3] such as elderly patients undergoing IMV had an in-hospital mortality of 58% and a 6-month mortality of 67% [4, 5]. Thus, it is expected that MODSE patients undergoing IMV may have a poor prognosis, possibly due to the ventilator-associated lung injury and ventilator-associated inflammation [6]. Here, we attempted to perform early prognosis assessments for MODSE patients undergoing IMV using several scoring systems, including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) [7] Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) [8] Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) [9], and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) [10]. In addition, we also investigated the potential correlation factors of weaning for these patients.

2. Methods

2.1. Sample

This study enrolled 6512 patients, prospectively, who were treated in multiple ICUs of the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the 8th medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (including the Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU), the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), and the Medicine Intensive Care Unit (MICU)) between January 2013 and January 2018.

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the patient was 60 years of age or older and met the multiple organ dysfunction definition proposed by Marshall et al. in 1995 [10]; (2) endotracheal intubation (via the nose or mouth) was implemented within 24 hours after admission to the ICU for invasive mechanical ventilation; and (3) the prognosis was well-defined. The exclusion criteria were the following: end stage of disease and exhibited multiple organ failure [10]; ICU stays of less than 24 h; invasive MV prior to entering the ICU; subjects had significant loss of clinical information and were as such difficult to score; and the patient, with an unknown prognosis, was discharged upon his or her request.

A total of 351 cases among 749 MODSE patients with complete clinical information were obtained and constituted the database of MODSE patients undergoing IMV, of which there were 327 cases of respiratory failure, 288 cases of heart failure, 245 cases of renal failure, 159 cases of liver failure, 74 cases of gastrointestinal dysfunction, 203 cases of neurological dysfunction, and 194 cases of coagulation disorders. Among the study subjects, there were 274 cases which were allowed to wean from MV, as they met the conditions for weaning, whereas 77 did not meet the standard during the ICU stay (Figure 1).

All participants signed an informed consent upon admission to the ICUs. This study was approved by the Clinical Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of the PLA.

2.3. Methods of the Prospective Study

Among the 749 enrolled MODSE patients, 351 patients who were undergoing IMV were analyzed prospectively. Many disease information should be collected, including the worst parameter among various vital signs (body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine volume, etc.), laboratory test results (blood routine, blood biochemistry, and coagulation parameters), and the clinical data (gender, age, ICU entry diagnosis, ICU stay duration, underlying disease). In addition, the APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS results were calculated for the participants within 24 h after their ICU entry. Based on the outcomes upon ICU discharge, the participants were divided into a survival group and a nonsurvival group. Based on weaning criteria, the participants were divided into a weaning group (274 cases) and a nonweaning group (77 cases); depending on whether weaning would be successful, the weaning eligible individuals were further divided into a successful-weaning group (105 cases) and a failure-to-wean group (169 cases). If the datum for a parameter was missing, it was considered to be a default value of normal. ICU discharge (survival or death) was adopted as the observation end point. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze individual parameters to identify the factors influencing weaning.

2.4. Evaluation Criteria

The weaning criteria previously reported [11] were employed herein: (i) adequate oxygen tension (under a condition of FIO₂ 40% and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ≤5 cmH₂O, blood oxygen saturation ≥90%); (ii) a stable cardiovascular system (heart rate ≤140 beats/min and stable blood pressure, without taking vasoactive drugs); (iii) sufficient consciousness, without continuously taking sedatives; (iv) normal body temperature (36–37.2°C); (v) satisfactory cough reflex during suctioning, with a gradually decreasing suctioning frequency; (vi) a lack of respiratory acidosis; and (vii) rapid shallow breathing index (tidal volume/respiratory frequency) ≤105.

The criteria of successful weaning included the following [12]: patients could be liberated from the endotracheal tube without requiring reintubation/MV for more than 48 hours after extubation, and so that the patient had stable vital signs and reported no obvious discomfort. The blood gas analysis revealed no respiratory acidosis exhibited no respiratory acidosis (blood gas analysis) and did not receive another intubation procedure.

The criteria of failed weaning were as follows: reintubation within 48 hours, a participant was considered to experience weaning failure if he/she died or needed to receive another procedure of MV.

2.5. Statistical Analyses

SPSS 17.0 software was employed herein for statistical analyses. Measurement data consistent with a normal distribution were all expressed as means ± standard deviations ( ± s); comparisons between two groups were facilitated by the t test. Skewed distribution data were expressed as medians; comparisons between two groups were facilitated by the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test. Qualitative data, expressed as rates, were used to describe frequencies or intensities of occurrence and were examined using the x² test. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was employed for determining the assessment performance of individual scoring systems, during which the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden Index of each prognosis score was calculated; the area under the curve (AUC) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were obtained before significance tests were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of dichotomous variables were performed to investigate prognosis-influencing factors for MODSE patients undergoing MV. was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. General Information

Among the 749 enrolled MODSE patients from 6 ICU-centers, 351 (46.83%) were received IMV and had a mean age of 77.7 ± 9.2 years. Of the 351 patients, there were 254 males (72.46%) and 97 females (27.64%); there were 102 survivors (29.06%) and 249 nonsurvivors (70.94%) based on the outcome of 28-day; there were 274 individuals who met the ventilator weaning criteria (78.06%), including 105 cases (76 survivals and 29 deaths) of successful weaning (38.32% of the 274) and 169 cases (26 survivals and 143 deaths) of failed weaning (61.68% of the 274); and there were 64 participants undergoing tracheotomy (26 in the weaning failure subgroup, and 38 in the nonweaning group). These general statistics are summarized in Table 1.

3.2. Comparison of the Prognosis Assessments for MODSE Patients Undergoing MV

Based on the survival/death upon discharge (or ICU discharge), prognosis was assessed using the worst scores (APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS) during the first 24 h of ICU entry, before the ROC curve was plotted. The score corresponding to the maximal Youden index was set as the optimal cutoff value, whereby the individual sensitivities, specificities, Youden indices, AUCs, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated (Table 2, Figure 2).

3.3. General Clinical Information of the Two Weaning Groups

Depending on the weaning outcome, the subjects were divided into a weaning success subgroup and a weaning failure subgroup. The prognostic differences of the two subgroups were evaluated (Table 3). This study indicated that successful weaning would help improve the prognosis of patients with mechanical ventilation.

3.4. Logistic Regression Analysis for MODSE Patients with IMV

Logistic regression analysis of dichotomous variables was performed to screen the factors influencing weaning. First, the 274 weaning-eligible patients were divided into a weaning success subgroup and a weaning failure subgroup. Their clinical data were subsequently documented, including their gender, age, number of organs with failure, concurrent diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and immunosuppression), worst vital sign within 24 h of ICU entry, and laboratory test results. These parameters were then introduced into univariate and multivariate logistic regression equations of dichotomous variables. Underlying lung disease, plasma albumin, serum creatinine level, number of organs with failure, and IMV duration fit into the regression equation, indicating that the five parameters were independent factors influencing the weaning success rate for MODSE patients receiving IMV, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.447, 0.820, 1.603, 2.374, and 3.105, respectively (Table 4).

4. Discussion

MODSE refers to conditions in which elderly individuals with multiple underlying diseases experience decreased organ function and reserve capacity. As a consequence, they are vulnerable to infections and display aggravated progression, leading to critical conditions that urgently require multiple organ support therapy (MOST). In this study, 53.97% of the MODSE patients underwent the life support treatment of IMV to alleviate symptoms and improve prognosis. However, long-term IMV may lead to ventilator dependence and difficulty in weaning, which elevates medical expenditure, decreases quality of life, and increases mortality.

Our data from multiple centers revealed that MODSE patients receiving IMV had poor prognosis and a high mortality rate of 71.07%. Comparison between the mortality group and the survival group revealed that the former had a slightly higher mean age, but the difference was not significant (); gender was also not significantly different between the two groups. However, the mortality group had a significantly higher number of organs with failure () and apparently poorer results for vital signs and laboratory results compared to the survival group. In addition, whether weaning was successful and whether reintubation was performed also had prominent influences on prognosis. The mortality group also had a significantly shorter ICU stay than the survival group, possibly because the mortality group had a higher number of organs with failure than the latter and correspondingly had more severe conditions. As a consequence, weaning failure compounded with reintubation might aggravate their disease and shorten their survival period [11, 13].

A scoring system consists of a set of objective quantitative indicators to evaluate disease severity and to assess prognosis. Its results indicate the degree of disease severity and the body’s physiological dysfunction and can reliably reveal critical conditions and predict mortality risk [7–10]. Early determinations of disease severity and prognosis are crucial for clinical decision-making and allocation of ICU resources and are particularly important for MODSE cases with MV, who are characterized by a high mortality rate. Pettila et al. [14] conducted a prospective cohort study in which 520 MODS patients were evaluated to compare the predictive performances of four scoring systems, namely, APACHE II, MODS, Logistic Organ Dysfunction score (LODS), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA). All four systems generated satisfactory performances in predicting patients’ survival and death, with APACHE II showing the best performance for prognosis prediction. In this study, four scoring systems, namely, APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS, were employed to perform early assessments for 351 MODSE patients undergoing IMV who had different prognosis. In comparison with the survival group, the in-hospital nonsurvival group exhibited significantly higher scores for APACHE II, APACHE III, SAPS II, and MODS (). The AUCs of the ROCs of these four scores were 0.837, 0.833, 0.784, and 0.860 and were not statistically significant. Among the four scoring systems, MODS performed the best sensitivity of 0.856, APACHE II produced the highest specificity of 0.835, and MODS showed the greatest AUC. The prognostic score markers are identical with not only in the population of old patients ICU. A single-center, retrospective cohort study of 905 patients showed that APACHE II score is also independently associated with the prognosis of patients given MV in the ICU among the patients from 17 to 98 years. Also, in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, APACHE II score was independently associated with higher odds of death in the patients aged <65 years [15]. Meanwhile, in our study, the APACHE II could perform excellent prognostic assessment for patients with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in the elderly. These results indicated that MODS showed the best assessment performance and produced the highest sensitivity of prognosis assessment.

Early weaning and extubation followed by spontaneous breathing is the eventual goal of MV [16]. This study revealed that weaning outcome exhibited a significant influence on the patients’ prognosis such that the weaning success subgroup exhibited an apparently superior prognosis to those of the weaning failure subgroup and the nonweaning group (). In this study, the weaning failure rate reached 61.69%, and the weaning failure subgroup exhibited significantly higher values in terms of mean age and number of organs with failure and a significantly shorter ICU stay compared with the weaning success subgroup (). These findings suggested that individuals who had relatively high age, who had underlying lung diseases, and whose conditions were compounded with multiple organ failure had increased disease severity and weaning risk and poor prognosis, in agreement with a previous study [17]. In the weaning success subgroup, 12% of the participants underwent tracheotomy, whereas in the weaning failure subgroup, 25% of the subjects had this procedure. It has been reported that early tracheotomy might decrease the possibility of complications such as pneumonia [18]. In addition, Griffiths et al. [19] revealed that early tracheotomy could shorten ICU stay but did not significantly affect mortality. In this study, the weaning failure subgroup exhibited a markedly higher mortality rate (81.05%) than that of the weaning success subgroup, which was consistent with a previous study [11]. It has been proposed that the high mortality and decreased extubation success rate in patients with failed weaning were related to the timing of reintubation [13].

To investigate the factors influencing weaning, multivariate logistic regression analyses of dichotomous variables were performed to identify indicators related to weaning success, which included underlying lung disease, plasma albumin, serum creatinine level, number of organs with failure, and MV duration, with ORs of 1.447, 0.820, 1.603, 2.374, and 3.105, respectively. As such, the data indicated that a high plasma albumin level is an independent protective factor for MODSE patients to wean from MV. In contrast, the other indicators (i.e., underlying lung disease, serum creatinine level, number of organs with failure, and MV duration) were risk factors affecting MODSE patients’ weaning.

Plasma albumin can reliably reveal a patient’s recent nutritional status. Under MV, the body is under stress conditions associated with robust energy consumption, metabolism, and decomposition activity, which can lead to relative malnutrition, manifested by a decreased plasma albumin level. In response, the body degrades respiratory muscle to compensate the energy deficit, which results in respiratory muscle atrophy and decreased muscle strength. Correspondingly, weaning from MV may cause respiratory muscle fatigue and, in turn, increase the risk of weaning failure [20]. In addition, the plasma albumin level is closely related to the prognosis of critical patients, especially elderly, hospitalized patients such that the lower the plasma albumin level is, the poorer are the nutritional status and the prognosis, and vice versa [21]. In other words, severe patients tend to be associated with an extraordinary weaning risk. In this study, we also revealed a pattern that the higher the number of organs with failure is, the higher is the severity scores (APACHE II and MODS). This finding indicated that critical patients are more likely to require various life support measures and have a relatively low likelihood of successful weaning. Serum creatinine level also influenced the prognosis of MODSE patients undergoing MV. Creatinine is an important indicator reflecting renal function. When the serum creatinine level reaches a uremic period, it can cause uremic lung or uremic pulmonary edema, in which alveoli exhibit diffusion dysfunction. As a consequence, pulmonary function is decreased, which causes weaning difficulty. Moreover, creatinine is also a catabolism product of muscle tissue in the body. Hence, an increased serum creatinine level indicates elevated body and muscle metabolism, which are not beneficial for the recovery and enhancement of respiratory muscle. Ultimately, weaning may cause respiratory muscle fatigue and decrease the possibility of weaning success.

In addition, it was reported that MV duration is also a crucial factor influencing whether weaning can be successful [22]. Protracted MV duration is associated with respiratory muscle structural damage and muscle fiber remodeling, which leads to ventilator dependency. Furthermore, long-term MV compromises the normal action of the diaphragm, which causes its dysfunction and reduces the weaning success rate.

5. Conclusions

In summary, the weaning of MODSE patients undergoing IMV is affected by complex and multisided factors. For these patients, it is important to actively provide impaired organs with functional support and to ameliorate or improve organ failure, thereby reducing the influences of intrapulmonary factors on weaning. In addition, it is also crucial to treat the primary disease, augment nutritional support, and improve the patient’s condition. Among the critical scoring systems tested in this study, MODS exhibited the best performance of prognosis assessment for MODSE patients undergoing MV and is recommended for clinical application. Nevertheless, most indicators employed herein were extrapulmonary parameters, whereas intrapulmonary parameters, such as the rapid shallow breathing index [23], were not evaluated. As a consequence, the multivariate analyses may have generated biased conclusions.

Data Availability

The clinical data used to support the findings of this study have not been made available because of the protection of patient privacy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Kun Xiao and Bin Liu have contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to the nurses and doctors of the EICU, MICU, and SICU of the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the 8th medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital for their help with this study. This work was supported by Clinical Support Fund of Chinese PLA general hospital (no. 15KMM03), Young Talents Support Project of Military science and Technology (no. 17-JCJQ-QT-036), and Major Science and Technology Projects for the 13th Five-Year Plan (2018ZX09201013).

References

M. J. Tobin, “Mechanical ventilation,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 330, no. 15, pp. 1056–1061, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. P. Kerlin, G. E. Weissman, K. A. Wonneberger et al., “Validation of administrative definitions of invasive mechanical ventilation across 30 intensive care units,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 194, no. 12, pp. 1548–1552, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. da Silveira, W. L. Nedel, R. Cassol, P. R. Pereira, C. Deutschendorf, and T. Lisboa, “Acinetobacter etiology respiratory tract infections associated with mechanical ventilation: what impacts on the prognosis? A retrospective cohort study,” Journal of Critical Care, vol. 49, pp. 124–128, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Criner, “Long-term ventilation introduction and perspectives,” Respiratory Care Clinics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 345–353, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. J. Nabozny, A. E. Barnato, P. J. Rathouz et al., “Trajectories and prognosis of older patients who have prolonged mechanical ventilation after high-risk surgery,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1091–1097, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Slutsky and L. N. Tremblay, “Multiple system organ failure,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 157, no. 6, pp. 1721–1725, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. A. Knaus, E. A. Draper, D. P. Wagner, and J. E. Zimmerman, “Apache II: a severity of disease classification system,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 818–829, 1985.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. A. Knaus, D. P. Wagner, E. A. Draper et al., “The Apache III prognostic system: risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults,” Chest, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 1619–1636, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-R. Le Gall, S. Lemeshow, and F. Saulnier, “A new simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study,” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 270, no. 24, pp. 2957–2963, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Marshall, D. J. Cook, N. V. Christou, G. R. Bernard, C. L. Sprung, and W. J. Sibbald, “Multiple organ dysfunction score,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1638–1652, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. W. Thille, A. Harrois, F. Schortgen, C. Brun-Buisson, and L. Brochard, “Outcomes of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2612–2618, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-M. Boles, J. Bion, A. Connors et al., “Weaning from mechanical ventilation,” European Respiratory Journal, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1033–1056, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Epstein and R. L. Ciubotaru, “Independent effects of etiology of failure and time to reintubation on outcome for patients failing extubation,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 489–493, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Pettilä, M. Pettilä, S. Sarna, P. Voutilainen, and O. Takkunen, “Comparison of multiple organ dysfunction scores in the prediction of hospital mortality in the critically ill,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1705–1711, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Liang, Z. Li, H. Dong, and C. Xu, “Prognostic factors associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: a single-center, retrospective cohort study of 905 patients,” Medicine, vol. 98, no. 42, Article ID e17592, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. B. Hall and L. D. Wood, “Liberation of the patient from mechanical ventilation,” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 257, no. 12, pp. 1621–1628, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Epstein, R. L. Ciubotaru, and J. B. Wong, “Effect of failed extubation on the outcome of mechanical ventilation,” Chest, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 186–192, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. H. Boynton, K. Hawkins, B. J. Eastridge, and G. E. O’Keefe, “Tracheostomy timing and the duration of weaning in patients with acute respiratory failure,” Critical Care, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. R261–R267, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Griffiths, V. S. Barber, L. Morgan, and J. D. Young, “Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation,” BMJ, vol. 330, no. 7502, p. 1243, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Jain, D. Heyland, R. Dhaliwal et al., “Dissemination of the Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 2362–2369, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yin, L. Si, W. Qin et al., “Predictive value of serum albumin level for the prognosis of severe sepsis without exogenous human albumin administration: a prospective cohort study,” Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 687–694, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Vaschetto, F. Longhini, P. Persona et al., “Early extubation followed by immediate noninvasive ventilation vs. standard extubation in hypoxemic patients: a randomized clinical trial,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 62–71, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. L. Yang and M. J. Tobin, “A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 324, no. 21, pp. 1445–1450, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Kun Xiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2236

Downloads

952

Citations