Tumor Antigen-Dependent and Tumor Antigen-Independent Activation of Antitumor Activity in T Cells by a Bispecific Antibody-Modified Tumor Vaccine

Figure 5

Cognate and noncognate antitumor mechanisms induced by the NDV-based tumor vaccine of the second generation (ATV-NDV/bsAbs). The different mechanisms of T cell activation against tumor suggested explaining the efficacy of the ATV-NDV/bsAb in inducing antitumor activity in T cells are highlighted. (a) Direct antigen presentation of TA to memory T cells. Addition of danger signals via NDV infection of the tumor cells during the elaboration of the tumor vaccine induces a reactivation of the antitumor reactivity in TA-specific memory T cells [32]. This mechanism is intensified by the addition of the 2 bsAbs introducing binding activities to CD3 and CD28 at the surface of the tumor vaccine (see Figure 2). + signal intensification via bsAb (memory T cells). (b) Cross-presentation via DCs in vivo (naive T cells). (c) Direct polyclonal activation this pathway is highlighted in this manuscript.