Palladium Nanoparticles Induce Disturbances in Cell Cycle Entry and Progression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Paramount Role of Ions
Figure 1
Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Different concentrations of Pd-NP (circles) (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg mL−1) or Pd(IV) ions (open circles) were added to PHA-stimulated PBMCs from healthy donors () on the 3rd day of culture, in quadruplicate wells. As reference, parallel control wells were set by adding the vehicle alone (culture medium, 10% FCS) (squares). The extent of cell growth was measured after 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. The vehicle did not significantly affect cell viability. (a) Data comparing the different compounds (vehicle, Pd-NP, and Pd(IV)) are plotted in logarithmic scale and shown as mean ± S.D., as a function of concentration. (b) Data comparing the incubation time for Pd(IV) and Pd-NP are plotted in logarithmic scale and shown as mean ± S.D., as a function of concentration. The differences in cell viability related to Pd(IV) versus vehicle reached statistical significance () starting from the following concentration/time exposure combinations: 40 μg mL−1 after 4 hours, 5 μg mL−1 after 24 h, 1 μg mL−1 after 48 h, and 0.1 μg mL−1 after 72 h. Pd-NP-induced cytotoxicity was statistically significant () versus vehicle for the following conditions: 80 μg mL−1 after 24 h, 20 μg mL−1 after 48 h, and 10 μg mL−1 after 72 h. three-way ANOVA with Tukey correction, -tests Pd-NP and Pd(IV) vs not exposed.
