Palladium Nanoparticles Induce Disturbances in Cell Cycle Entry and Progression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Paramount Role of Ions

Figure 4

Cell cycle analysis of human PBMCs exposed to Pd-NP. PBMCs (𝑛=3) were cultivated in the presence or absence of PHA for 48 hours and after being exposed or not to Pd-NP (10 μg mL⁻¹) or Pd(IV) ion (50 ng mL⁻¹) for 48 hours. For comparison, an equal volume of vehicle was used in parallel cultures. The proportion of cells in the different phases was quantitated using ModFit software and represented with partitioned bars as the average of three experiments. G0/G1-phase: dark grey; S-phase: light grey; G2/M-phase: black.