Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Protein Adsorption of Titanium Surface by Sodium Bicarbonate Solution

Figure 4

SEM of an SLA and a machined Ti surface in different chemical states: untreated SLA surface (a), NaHCO₃-treated SLA surface (b), untreated machined surface (c), and NaHCO₃-treated machined surface (d). (a) The microrough structure of an untreated SLA surface caused by sand-blasting and acid-etching and (b) the microstructure of the smooth surface of a machined Ti disc. By comparing the SEM results in (a, b) and (c, d), no significant morphological change of SLA and machined Ti surfaces could be observed before and after the NaHCO₃ treatment.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)