Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Protein Adsorption of Titanium Surface by Sodium Bicarbonate Solution

Table 1

WCAs (°) after different treatment time for both SLA and machined specimens from three test groups: untreated, NaHCO₃-treated, and rinsed (, mean ± SD).

	Untreated	NaHCO3-treated				Rinsed
		30 s	1 min	3 min	5 min	30 s	1 min	3 min	5 min
SLA	129.9 ± 7.1	17.6 ± 4.5	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	63.0 ± 5.9	3.3 ± 4.0	2.0 ± 4.0	0.0 ± 0.0
Machined	86.0 ± 6.7	55.0 ± 11.4	45.3 ± 7.1	37.5 ± 3.4	34.4 ± 12.5	81.4 ± 7.2	59.1 ± 17.7	53.1 ± 19.1	52.9 ± 18.1