Review Article

Recent Advances on Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Infections

Table 1

Ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of CoV infections based on clinicaltrials.gov and chictr.orgdatabases.

FieldTitleIntervention/treatmentPhaseStatusRegistration numberRef.

VaccinationSafety and immunogenicity study of 2019-nCoV vaccine (mRNA-1273) for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)mRNA-1273 which targets the spike (S) protein of the coronavirusPhase 1RecruitingNCT04283461[53]
A study of a candidate COVID-19 vaccineAdenovirus vaccine vectorPhase 2RecruitingNCT04324606[54]
Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in healthy volunteersINO-4800Phase 1RecruitingNCT04336410[55]
Application of BCG vaccine for immune-prophylaxis among Egyptian healthcare workers during the pandemic of COVID-19Intradermal injection of BCG vaccinePhase 3Not yet recruitingNCT04350931[56]
BCG vaccination to protect healthcare workers against COVID-19 (BRACE)BCG vaccinePhase 3RecruitingNCT04327206[57]
BCG vaccine for healthcare workers as defense against COVID 19 (BADAS)BCG vaccinePhase 4RecruitingNCT04348370[58]
A clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of healthy candidate MERS-CoV vaccine (MERS002)ChAdOx1 MERSPhase 1RecruitingNCT04170829[59]
Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate MERS-CoV vaccine (MERS001)ChAdOx1 MERSPhase 1RecruitingNCT03399578[60]
Safety and immunity of COVID-19 aAPC vaccinePathogen-specific artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC)Phase 1RecruitingNCT04299724[61]
Immunity and safety of COVID-19 synthetic minigene vaccineInjection and infusion of lentiviral-SMENP-dendritic cells vaccine and antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytesPhase 2RecruitingNCT04276896[62]
A phase II clinical trial to evaluate the recombinant vaccine for COVID-19 (adenovirus vector) (CTII-nCoV)Recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector)Phase 1/2Active, not recruitingNCT04341389[63]
Phase Ib-II trial of dendritic cell vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in frontline healthcare workers and first respondersAutologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from SARS-CoV-2, with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorPhase 1/2Not yet recruitingNCT04386252[64]
Study of safety and immunogenicity of BVRS-GamVacAdenoviral-based vaccine against MERS-BVRS-GamVacPhase 1/2RecruitingNCT04130594[65]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase Ib study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of MVA-MERS-S_DF-1MVA-MERS-S_DF1-low and high dosesPhase 1Not yet recruitingNCT04119440[66]
Study of safety and immunogenicity of BVRS-GamVac-CombiHeterologous adenoviral-based vaccine against MERS-BVRS-GamVac-CombiPhase 1/2RecruitingNCT04128059[67]
Performance evaluation of BCG vaccination in healthcare personnel to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infectionBCG vaccinePhase 3Not yet recruitingNCT04362124[68]
A trial investigating the safety and effects of four BNT162 vaccines against COVID-2019 in healthy adultsFour prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccines: BNT162a1, BNT162b1, BNT162b2, and BNT162c2Phase 1/2RecruitingNCT04380701[69]
Study to describe the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and potential efficacy of RNA vaccine candidates against COVID-19 in healthy adultsFour prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine candidates against COVID-19: BNT162a1, BNT162b1, BNT162b2, and BNT162c2Phase 1/2RecruitingNCT04368728[70]
Tableted COVID-19 therapeutic vaccine (COVID-19)Once-daily pill of therapeutic vaccine made from heat-inactivated plasma from donors with COVID-19Phase 1/2RecruitingNCT04380532[71]
Phase I study of a vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)A recombinant DNA vaccine, VRC-SRSDNA015-00-VPPhase 1CompletedNCT00099463[72]

Cell therapy systemsBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment for severe patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellPhase 1/2Not yet recruitingNCT04346368[73]
Monocytes and NK cells activity in COVID-19 patientsStudy of immune-mediated mechanisms in patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2RecruitingNCT04375176[74]
Immune cells in inflammatory arthritis with coronaviruses, including COVID-19SARS virus, 40 ml blood sampleNot yet recruitingNCT04363047[75]
Safety and efficacy of intravenous Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID 19Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cellsPhase 1/2Not yet recruitingNCT04390152[76]

Convalescent plasma therapyConvalescent plasma compared to the best available therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (COP-COVID-19)PlasmaPhase 2Not yet recruitingNCT04358783[77]
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19RecruitingNCT04292340[78]
Collection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune plasma (NIAID)RecruitingNCT04344977[79]
Inactivated convalescent plasma as a therapeutic alternative in patients COVID-19Inactivated convalescent plasmaPhase 2Not yet recruitingNCT04385186[80]
Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study (CP-COVID-19)PlasmaPhase 2Not yet recruitingNCT04332380[81]
Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open-label, parallel, controlled clinical study (CP-COVID-19)Plasma, hydroxychloroquinePhase 2/3Not yet recruitingNCT04332835[82]

AntibodiesSafety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SAB-301 in healthy adultsSAB-301, an antibody produced in cows to fight MERSPhase 1CompletedNCT02788188[83]

Antiviral drugsCOVID-19 ring-based prevention trial with lopinavir/ritonavir (CORIPREV-LR)Lopinavir/ritonavirPhase 3RecruitingNCT04321174[84]
Evaluating the efficacy of artesunate in adults with mild symptoms of COVID-19Artemisinin/artesunatePhase 2Not yet recruitingNCT04387240[85]
Hydroxychloroquine as chemoprevention for COVID-19 for high-risk healthcare workersHydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ)Phase 2Enrolling by invitationNCT04345653[86]
New antiviral drugs for treatment of COVID-19Combination of nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and ivermectinPhase 3Not yet recruitingNCT04392427[87]
Study to evaluate the safety and antiviral activity of remdesivir (GS-5734™) in participants with moderate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) compared to standard of care treatmentRemdesivirPhase 3RecruitingNCT04292730[88]
Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT)RemdesivirPhase 3RecruitingNCT04280705[89]

Traditional Chinese medicineA real-world study for the efficacy and safety of large-dose Tanreqing injection in the treatment of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Large-dose Tanreqing injectionPhase 4Not yet recruitingChiCTR2000029432[90]
Clinical study for Gubiaojieduling in preventing of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in childrenGubiaojiedulingNot yet recruitingChiCTR2000029487[91]
Clinical trial for Tanreqing capsules in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Tanreqing capsulesPhase 0RecruitingChiCTR2000029813[92]
Shenfu injection in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trialShenfu injectionPhase 4Not yet recruitingChiCTR2000030043[93]
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of Shenqi Fuzheng injection in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Shenqi Fuzheng injectionPhase 4RecruitingChiCTR2000029780[94]
A randomized, open-label, blank-controlled trial for Lianhua Qingwen capsule /granule in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Lianhua Qingwen capsule/granulePhase 4CompletedChiCTR2000029434[95]
A randomized, open-label, blank-controlled, multicenter trial for Shuang-Huang-Lian oral solution in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Shuang-Huang-Lian oral solutionPhase 4RecruitingChiCTR2000029605[96]
A randomized controlled trial for honeysuckle decoction in the treatment of patients with novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infectionHoneysuckle soupPhase 0RecruitingChiCTR2000029822[97]
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, and controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of Kang-Bing-Du granules in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Kang-Bing-Du granulesPhase 4RecruitingChiCTR2000029781[98]
Efficacy and safety of Jing-Yin granule in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) wind-heat syndromeJing-Yin granulePhase 4Not yet recruitingChiCTR2000030255[99]
A randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the safety and efficiency of Kesuting syrup and Keqing capsule in the treatment of mild and moderate novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Kesuting syrup and Keqing capsulePhase 4RecruitingChiCTR2000029991[100]
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel, controlled trial for the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of Xiyanping injection in the treatment of common type novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Xiyanping injectionPhase 4RecruitingChiCTR2000030117[101]
Efficacy and safety of Xue-Bi-Jing injection in the treatment of severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Xue-Bi-Jing injectionPhase 0RecruitingChiCTR2000030388[102]

OthersClinical application of methylene blue for treatment of COVID-19 patients (COVID-19)Methylene blue, vitamin C, N-acetyl cysteine (MCN)Phase 1RecruitingNCT04370288[103]
NO prevention of COVID-19 for healthcare providers (NOpreventCOVID)Inhaled nitric oxide gasPhase 2Not yet recruitingNCT04312243[104]
Angiotensin-(1,7) treatment in COVID-19: The ATCO Trial (ATCO)Angiotensin 1-7 (a peptide that is downregulated in COVID-19 patient and it may potentially improve respiratory function)Phase 2/3Not yet recruitingNCT04332666[105]
Use of cSVF via IV deployment for residual lung damage after symptomatic COVID-19 infection (GARM-COVID19)IV deployment of cellular stromal vascular fraction (cSVF) in sterile normal saline IV solutionEarly phase 1Enrolling by invitationNCT04326036[106]

NCT: National Clinical Trial; ChiCTR: Chinese Clinical Trial Register.